The genotoxic activity of the benzeneamine-derived azo dyes, Disperse Red 54, Direct Red 81 and Direct Black 19:1 was studied in the in vitro DNA repair assay in primary rat hepatocyte cultures. Hepatocytes were isolated, cultured and treated with the azo dyes, bromodeoxyuridine and (3)H cytidine. DNA repair synthesis was determined as an incorporation of (3H) cytidine into unreplicated DNA strands using the bromodeoxyuridine density-shift method. Of the 3 azo dyes, only Direct Red 54 (monoazo dye) induced a weak DNA repair synthesis in rat hepatocytes in vitro. Direct Red 81 and Direct Black 19:1 did not induce any concentration-related DNA repair synthesis. In vivo reduction of azo dyes is required for the genotoxicity of these azo dyes.
The mutagenic activity of three dye compounds was measured by the Salmonella/microsome mammalian test, the micronucleus test and the mouse dominant lethal mutation test. Salmonella-typhimurium strains TA-1535, TA-1537, TA-1538, TA-98 and TA-100 were used in the Ames assay. Microsomes (S-9 mix) were prepared from livers of rats treated with Aroclor-1254. Direct Black 19:1 appeared to be an indirect mutagen inducing frameshift reverse mutations in TA-1538 and TA-98. In the micronucleus test the dyes were administered in saline intraperitoneally to male BALD/c mice in two doses (total dose up to 1500 mg/kg) separated by 24 hours. Bone marrow smears sere prepared 30 hour after the first injection. All three dyes increased the frequency of polychromatic erythrocytes with micronuclei in a significant and dose related manner. In the dominant lethal assay the dye solutions were given intraperitoneally to male mice for 5 consecutive days at daily doses equal to 25% of the 50% lethal dose. Methylmethane-sulfonate, used as a positive control, produced an increase of dead implants in females mated with treated males, but none of the three dyes induced such an effect.
The mutagenicity of six azo dyes was examined in a standard Salmonella assay. The mutagenicity of azo dye metabolites in rat urine was also assayed. Sprague Dawley rats were intubated with 500 mg/kg of direct black 38, direct black 19, direct brown 95, solvent yellow, trypan blue, or food black 2. Urine was collected for 24 hours and separated by column chromatography to isolate azo dye metabolites. These were tested for mutagenicity with rat liver S-9 in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA-1535, TA-1537, TA-1538, TA-98, and TA-100. Solvent yellow was the most mutagenic in TA-1538 producing 10 revertants/nanomole followed by direct black 38 and direct black 19 which produced 3.5 and 3.0 revertants/nanomole, respectively. Trypan blue mutagenicity was weak, producing 0.06 revertant/nanomole. The remaining dyes were not Not mutagenic in any strain up to a dose of 5 mg/plate regardless of the presence or absence of metabolic activation. Dithionite reduction of direct black 19, direct black 95, and trypan blue increased their mutagenic activity in TA-1538 and TA-98. Reduction products of direct black 19 produced 55 revertants/nanomole in strain TA-1538. Dithionite reduction did not increase the mutagenicity of direct black 38 nor did it affect the mutagenicity of the other dyes. Urine extracts from rats intubated with direct black 38, direct black 95, direct black 19, and solvent yellow were mutagenic in strain TA-1538 and TA-98 with bioactivation.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
TSCA 测试提交
C.I.直接黑19, Disodium salt (CAS # 6428-31-5)的皮肤分解和吸收进行了评估。测试物质以16.25毫克的量涂抹在兔皮上(数量和性别未报告),持续144小时。在总共144小时内,每隔24小时收集一次排泄的尿液和粪便。尿液和粪便的总活性回收率分别为17.12%和7.87%,总排泄率约为25%。没有检测到标准代谢物(PPD、PPDM或PPDD)。
C.I. direct black 19, disodium salt (CAS # 6428-31-5) was evaluated for dermal breakdown and absorption. The test substance was painted onto rabbit skin (number and sex not reported) at a level of 16.25 mg for 144-hours. The excreted urine and feces was collected at 24-hour intervals for a total of 144 hours. The total recovery of activity was 17.12 and 7.87% for the urine and feces, respectively for a total excretion of approximately 25%. None of the standard metabolites (PPD, PPDM or PPDD) were detected.