Societal and governmental pressures to reduce diesel exhaust emissions are reflected in the existing and projected future heavy-duty certification standards of these emissions. Various factors affect the amount of emissions produced by a heterogeneous charge diesel engine in any given situation, but these are poorly quantified in the existing literature. The parameters that most heavily affect the emissions from compression ignition engine-powered vehicles include vehicle class and weight, driving cycle, vehicle vocation, fuel type, engine exhaust aftertreatment, vehicle age, and the terrain traveled. In addition, engine control effects (such as injection timing strategies) on measured emissions can be significant. Knowing the effect of each aspect of engine and vehicle operation on the emissions from diesel engines is useful in determining methods for reducing these emissions and in assessing the need for improvement in inventory models. The effects of each of these aspects have been quantified in this paper to provide an estimate of the impact each one has on the emissions of diesel engines.
Cobalt-catalyzed cross-coupling of Umpolung carbonyls with alkyl halides under mild conditions
作者:Ruofei Cheng、Graham de Ruiter、Chao-Jun Li
DOI:10.1039/d2cc04302e
日期:——
dominated by palladium and nickel catalysts, cobalt-based catalysts have shown unique advantages for such cross-coupling reactions in terms of higher catalyticactivity and lower toxicity. Herein, we describe a novel cobalt-catalyzed alkyl–alkyl cross-coupling reaction of hydrazone with alkylhalides under mild reaction conditions, where the use of a PNP-type pincerligand is essential for catalysis
Albesco, Annales de Chimie (Cachan, France), 1922, vol. <9> 18, p. 221
作者:Albesco
DOI:——
日期:——
Isomerization Accompanying Alkylation. IX.<sup>1</sup> The Reaction of Benzene with n- and Isopropylcyclopropane. The Synthesis of n- and Isopropylcyclopropane<sup>2</sup>
作者:Herman Pines、William D. Huntsman、V. N. Ipatieff
DOI:10.1021/ja01106a007
日期:1953.5
Condensation of Secondary Alcohols with Phenol in the Presence of Aluminum Chloride
作者:R. C. Huston、R. L. Guile、D. L. Bailey、R. J. Curtis、M. T. Esterdahl
DOI:10.1021/ja01222a005
日期:1945.6
Iraqi, A.; Gallo, R.; Phan Tan Luu, R., Bulletin de la Societe Chimique de France, 1988, # 3, p. 548 - 554