A hole transporting material is constituted by a compound represented by the following general formula (1):
wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵, which may be the same or different, are each independently hydrogen or a hydrocarbon residue having 1 to 20 carbon atoms; Ar¹ and Ar² are each independently a divalent hydrocarbon residue; ℓ is an integer of 0 or more; m is an integer of 1 or more; and n is an integer of 2 or more.
An electrochromic element composed of an electrochromic layer comprising a specified electrically conductive polymer and an ionically conductive substance layer containing a viologen compound, both sandwiched between two electrically conductive substrates at least one of which is transparent.