Structural Characterization and Function Determination of a Nonspecific Carboxylate Esterase from the Amidohydrolase Superfamily with a Promiscuous Ability To Hydrolyze Methylphosphonate Esters
摘要:
The uncharacterized protein Rsp3690 from Rhodobacter sphaeroides is a member of the amidohydrolase superfamily of enzymes. In this investigation the gene for Rsp3690 was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity, and the three-dimensional structure was determined to a resolution of 1.8 angstrom. The protein folds as a distorted (beta/alpha)(8)-barrel, and the subunits associate as a homotetramer. The active site is localized to the C-terminal end of the beta-barrel and is highlighted by the formation of a binuclear metal center with two manganese ions that are bridged by Glu-175 and hydroxide. The remaining ligands to the metal center include His-32, His-34, His-207, His-236, and Asp-302. Rsp3690 was shown to catalyze the hydrolysis of a wide variety of carboxylate esters, in addition to organophosphate and organophosphonate esters. The best carboxylate ester substrates identified for Rsp3690 included 2-naphthyl acetate (k(cat)/K-m = 1.0 x 10(5) M-1 s(-1)), 2-naphthyl propionate (k(cat)/K-m = 1.5 x 10(5) M-1 s(-1)), 1-naphthyl acetate (k(cat)/K-m = 7.5 x 10(3) M-1 s(-1)), 4-methylumbelliferyl acetate (k(cat)/K-m = 2.7 x 10(3) M-1 s(-1)), 4-nitrophenyl acetate (k(cat)/K-m = 2.3 x 10(5) M-1 s(-1)), and 4-nitrophenyl butyrate (k(cat)/K-m = 8.8 x 10(5) M-1 s(-1)). The best organophosphonate ester substrates included ethyl 4-nitrophenyl methylphosphonate (k(cat)/K-m = 3.8 x 10(5) M-1 s(-1)) and isobutyl 4-nitrophenyl methylphosphonate (k(cat)/K-m = 1.1 x 10(4) M-1 s(-1)). The (S-p)-enantiomer of isobutyl 4-nitrophenyl methylphosphonate was hydrolyzed 10 times faster than the less toxic (R-p)-enantiomer. The high inherent catalytic activity of Rsp3690 for the hydrolysis of the toxic enantiomer of methylphosphonate esters make this enzyme an attractive target for directed evolution investigations.
Palladium-Catalyzed Desilylative Acyloxylation of Silicon–Carbon Bonds on (Trimethylsilyl)arenes: Synthesis of Phenol Derivatives from Trimethylsilylarenes
摘要:
A strategy for desilylative acetoxylation of (trimethylsilyl)-arenes has been developed in which (trimethylsilyl)arenes are converted into acetoxyarenes. The direct acetoxylation is performed in the presence of 5 mol % of Pd(OAc)(2) and PhI(OCOCF3)(2) (1.5 equiv) in AcOH at 80 degrees C for 17 h. The acetoxyarenes are obtained in good to high yields (67-98%). The synthetic utility is demonstrated with a one-pot transformation of (trimethylsilyearenes to phenols by successive acetoxylation and hydrolysis. Furthermore, desilylative acyloxylation of 2-(trimethylsilyl)-naphthalene using several carboxylic acids has been conducted.
Electrostatic catalysis by ionic aggregates: scope and limitations of Mg(ClO4)2 as acylation catalyst
作者:Asit K Chakraborti、Lalima Sharma、Rajesh Gulhane、Shivani
DOI:10.1016/j.tet.2003.08.007
日期:2003.9
Alkali and alkaline earthmetal perchlorates exhibit electrostatic catalysis in the activation of anhydrides for the acylation reaction. Perchlorates with higher values of the charge-size function of the metal ion exhibit better catalytic activity following the order Mg(ClO4)2>Ba(ClO4)2>LiClO4. Acylation of structurally diverse phenols, thiols, alcohols, and amines have been carried out with stoichiometric
Magnesium Bistrifluoromethanesulfonimide as a New and Efficient Acylation Catalyst
作者:Asit K. Chakraborti、Shivani
DOI:10.1021/jo0605142
日期:2006.7.1
room temperature and in short times. Electron-deficient and sterically hindered phenols provided excellent yields. The catalyst was found to be general for acylation with other anhydrides, such as propionic, isobutyric, pivalic, chloroacetic, and benzoic anhydrides. The rate of acylation was influenced by the electronic and steric factors associated with the anhydride. The reaction with less electrophilic
Indium(III) chloride as a new, highly efficient, and versatile catalyst for acylation of phenols, thiols, alcohols, and amines
作者:Asit K. Chakraborti、Rajesh Gulhane
DOI:10.1016/s0040-4039(03)01641-1
日期:2003.8
Indium(III) chloride efficiently catalyses the acylation of structurally diverse phenols, alcohols, thiols, and amines undersolventfree conditions. Acid sensitive alcohols are smoothly acylated without competitive side reactions. Acylation of 2-hydroxynaphthalene is carried out with carboxylic acids adopting the mixed anhydride protocol using trifluoroacetic anhydride.
Na2CO3-Catalyzed O-Acylation of Phenols for the Synthesis of Aryl Carboxylates with Use of Alkenyl Carboxylates
作者:Xiao-Yu Zhou、Xia Chen
DOI:10.1055/s-0037-1610265
日期:2018.10
phenol and its derivatives has been developed. The procedure provides an efficient catalysis system for the preparation of aryl carboxylates with alkenyl carboxylates as acyl reagents. The reaction proceeded smoothly by using Na2CO3 as the catalyst in MeCN to produce the corresponding aryl carboxylates in good to excellent yields.
A carboxamide can be produced in a high yield by a method for producing a carboxamide, for example, represented by formula (4):
(wherein R
1
and R
3
are as defined below), the method comprising a step of allowing a carboxylic acid ester represented by formula (1):
(wherein R
1
represents an optionally substituented C
1
-C
20
hydrocarbon group or an optionally substituented C
3
-C
20
heterocyclic group, and R
2
represents an optionally substituented C
1
-C
20
hydrocarbon group), an amine represented by formula (2):
R
3
—NH
2
(2)
(wherein R
3
represents a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituented C
1
-C
20
hydrocarbon group), and a formamide compound represented by formula (3):
(wherein R
3
is as defined above) to react in the presence of a metal alkoxide.