Bidentate ligand of formula II,
R
1
R
2
M
1
—R—M
2
R
3
R
4
(II)
wherein M
1
and M
2
are independently P, As or Sb; R
1
, R
2
, R
3
and R
4
independently represent tertiary alkyl groups, or R
1
and R
2
together and/or R
3
and R
4
together represent an optionally substituted bivalent cycloaliphatic group whereby the two free valencies are linked to M
1
or M
2
, and R represents a bivalent aliphatic bridging group containing from 2 to 6 atoms in the bridge, which is substituted with two or more substituents. A catalyst system comprising:
a) a source of group VIII metal cations;
b) a source of such a bidentate ligand; and
c) a source of anions, and use of such a catalyst system in a process for the carbonylation of optionally substituted ethylenically or acetylenically unsaturated compounds by reaction with carbon monoxide and a coreactant is provided.
式II的双齿
配体,R1R2M1—R—M2R3R4(II),其中M1和M2独立地表示P、As或Sb;R1、R2、R3和R4独立地表示三级烷基基团,或者R1和R2在一起和/或R3和R4在一起表示一个可选取代的二价环状脂肪族基团,其中两个自由价与M1或M2相连,而R表示一个二价脂肪族桥接基团,其桥中含有2至6个原子,其被两个或更多取代基所取代。所提供的催化剂体系包括:a)一种含有第VIII族
金属阳离子的源;b)一种含有上述双齿
配体的源;以及c)一种含有阴离子的源,以及使用这种催化剂体系在与一种核反应剂和
一氧化碳反应的可选取代
乙烯基或
乙炔基不饱和化合物的羰基化过程中。