酚类
酚类是一大类化合物，它们主要特征是分子中含有一个羟基（-OH）直接连接在苯环上。这类化合物广泛存在于自然界中，并且具有重要的生物、医药及工业应用价值。
结构与分类酚类化合物的基本结构为苯环上的氧原子与羟基相连。根据羟基的位置不同，可将酚分为单酚和多酚两大类：
- 单酚：每个分子仅有一个酚羟基。
- 多酚：含有两个或多个酚羟基的化合物。
- 天然来源：酚广泛存在于植物、动物以及微生物中，如咖啡因中的茶酚、儿茶素等。
- 抗氧化作用：许多酚类物质具有较强的抗氧化性，能够清除体内的自由基，保护细胞免受氧化损伤。
- 抗菌活性：部分酚类化合物展示出显著的抗菌效果，可用于食品保鲜或开发抗生素。
- 农药和杀虫剂：利用某些酚类化合物对特定昆虫的选择性毒性进行害虫控制。
- 染料工业：许多天然及合成染料都基于酚结构设计而成。
- 医药领域：作为原料或药物成分，例如阿司匹林的核心成分水杨酸就属于苯酚衍生物。
酚类可以通过多种途径制备：
- 通过煤焦油蒸馏或石油裂解得到的粗酚进行精炼获得。
- 以苯或其他芳烃为原料，在催化剂作用下与水反应生成苯酚，此过程称为菲林斯勒反应（Fischer–Strassmann反应）。
尽管酚类化合物具有广泛的应用前景，但它们也可能带来毒性问题。例如强酸性的酚类物质会对皮肤造成刺激甚至腐蚀。因此在使用时需注意安全防护措施。
以上是对酚类的简单介绍，涵盖了其基本定义、生物学意义及工业应用等方面的内容。
| 中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 | 结构式图片 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| —— | (3S)-1,7-bis(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-3-heptanol | 30359-01-4 | C19H24O3 |
|
| —— | [6-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethoxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-4-(3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl)oxyoxan-2-yl]methyl (E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate | 61303-13-7 | C29H36O15 |
|
| —— | cis-ε-viniferin | 62218-08-0 | C28H22O6 |
|
| —— | (+)-7,8-di-epi-altholactone | 124868-11-7 | C13H12O4 |
|
| —— | 4-O-[β-D-xylopyranosyl]-3,3′-di-O-methylellagic acid | 62218-23-9 | C21H18O12 |
|
| —— | (3R,5R)-3,5-diacetoxy-1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-(4-hydroxyphenyl)heptane | 1269839-26-0 | C23H28O7 |
|
| —— | [(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-6-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethoxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-4-[(3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]methyl (E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate | 61303-13-7 | C29H36O15 |
|
| —— | Alnusdiol | 56973-51-4 | C19H22O4 |
|
| —— | orcinol glucoside | 21082-33-7 | C13H18O7 |
|
| —— | 2-[4-[(Z)-2-(3-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)ethenyl]phenoxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol | 58762-96-2 | C21H24O8 |
|
| —— | 3-Methoxy-4-prenylstilbene | 64125-60-6 | C20H22O |
|
| —— | 1a-Hydroxytuberosone | 95456-43-2 | C20H18O6 |
|
| —— | 3-[(7R,8R)-5-hydroxy-2,2,7,8-tetramethyl-6-oxo-7,8-dihydropyrano[3,2-g]chromen-10-yl]hexanoic acid | 34366-34-2 | C22H28O6 |
|
| —— | prim-O-glucosylangelicain | 85889-15-2 | C21H26O11 |
|
| —— | (8'Z)-5-(heptadeca-8'-enyl)benzene-1,3-diol | 52483-19-9 | C23H38O2 |
|
| —— | methyl 3-methoxy-{[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[(hydroxy)methyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy}benzoate | 72500-11-9 | C15H20O9 |
|
| —— | (Z)-2-(5-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)ethylene | 42438-89-1 | C15H14O3 |
|
| —— | 2-(acetoxymethyl)-9-methoxy-6-oxo-2,3,4,4a,6,10b-hexahydropyrano[3,2-c]isochromene-3,4,8,10-tetrayl tetraacetate | 14531-47-6 | C24H26O14 |
|
| —— | chlorogenic acid | 327-97-9 | C16H18O9 |
|
| —— | neochlorogenic acid | 327-97-9 | C16H18O9 |
|
| —— | 3‐caffeoylquinic acid | 327-97-9 | C16H18O9 |
|
| —— | caffeoylquinic acid | 327-97-9 | C16H18O9 |
|
| —— | cis-3-caffeoylquinic acid | 327-97-9 | C16H18O9 |
|
| —— | 3-O-caffeoylqunic acid | 327-97-9 | C16H18O9 |
|
| —— | (1<i>R</i>)-3<i>c</i>-[3<i>c</i>-(3,4-dihydroxy-phenyl)-acryloyloxy]-1,4<i>t</i>,5<i>t</i>-trihydroxy-cyclohexane-<i>r</i>-carboxylic acid | 327-97-9 | C16H18O9 |
|
| —— | 4-O-galloylbergenin | 82958-45-0 | C21H20O13 |
|
| —— | 4-[5-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)penta-1,4-dien-1-YL]-2-methoxyphenol | 63644-68-8 | C19H20O4 |
|
| —— | nordihydroguairetic acid | 27686-84-6 | C18H22O4 |
|
| —— | trans-δ-viniferin | 62218-13-7 | C28H22O6 |
|
| —— | (+)-E-ε-viniferin | 62218-08-0 | C28H22O6 |
|
| —— | (+)-usnic acid | 7562-61-0 | C18H16O7 |
|
| —— | (+)-usnic acid | 7562-61-0 | C18H16O7 |
|
| —— | geraniin | 60976-49-0 | C41H28O27 |
|
| —— | (5S)-1,7-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxyheptan-3-one | 41137-85-3 | C19H22O4 |
|
| —— | 2-hydroxy-3,8-dimethoxy-7-(((2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)chromeno[5,4,3-cde]chromene-5,10-dione | 51803-68-0 | C22H20O13 |
|
| —— | 3,3'-di-O-methylellagic acid 4-O-glucoside | 51803-68-0 | C22H20O13 |
|
| —— | 5-(6-Hydroxy-1-benzofuran-2-yl)-2-(5-hydroxy-9-methyl-8-oxatricyclo[7.3.1.02,7]trideca-2(7),3,5,10-tetraen-11-yl)benzene-1,3-diol | 89199-99-5 | C27H22O6 |
|
| —— | 2,2'-Methylenebis(6-acetyl-3,5-dihydroxy-4,4-dimethyl-2,5-cyclohe xadien-1-one) | 3570-40-9 | C21H24O8 |
|
| —— | 3,6a-Dihydroxy-9-methoxy-10-prenylpterocarpan | 74515-47-2 | C21H22O5 |
|
| —— | (+/-)-5-hydroxy-1,7-bis-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-3-heptanone | 41137-85-3 | C19H22O4 |
|
| —— | Sakakin | 21082-33-7 | C13H18O7 |
|
| —— | 3,9-Dihydroxy-1-methoxy-10-prenylpterocarpan | 65428-13-9 | C21H22O5 |
|
| —— | usnic acid | 15853-98-2 | C18H16O7 |
|
| —— | (-)-Maackiain 3-O-glucoside | 6807-83-6 | C22H22O10 |
|
| —— | 8,15-Dihydroxy-3,16,17-trimethoxytricyclo[12.3.1.12,6]nonadeca-1(17),2,4,6(19),14(18),15-hexaen-9-one | 56222-03-8 | C22H26O6 |
|
| —— | Confluentinsaeure | 6009-12-7 | C28H36O8 |
|
| —— | 6a-Hydroxymedicarpin | 61135-92-0 | C16H14O5 |
|
| —— | 3,7-Dihydroxy-15,16,17-trimethoxytricyclo[12.3.1.1~2,6~]nonadeca-1(18),2(19),3,5,14,16-hexaen-9-one | 56222-03-8 | C22H26O6 |
|
| —— | 2-(Hydroxymethyl)-6-[4-(hydroxymethyl)-2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy]oxane-3,4,5-triol | 64121-98-8 | C15H22O9 |
|
| —— | (4E,6E)-1,7-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4,6-heptadien-3-one | 332371-82-1 | C19H18O3 |
|
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