There are 75 possible congeners of chlorinated naphthalenes. Commercial products are generally mixtures of several congeners and range from thin liquids to hard waxes to high melting point solids. The higher chlorinated naphthalene products have been used as impregnates for condensers and capacitors and dipping encapsulating cmpd in electronic and automotive applications and as temporary binders in the manufacture of ceramic components, in paper coating and in precision casting of alloys, in electroplating, stop-off cmpd, as additive in gear oils and cutting cmpd, in flame proofing and insulation of electrical cable and conductors and moisture proof sealants, as separators in batteries, in refractive index testing oils, masking cmpd in electroplating and in grinding wheel lubricants. The major sources of release of chlorinated naphthalenes into the environment are likely from waste incineration and disposal of items containing chlorinated naphthalenes to landfill. In the past, chlorinated naphthalene concentration of up to 14.5 mg/cu m have been measured in the workplace, while levels of 25-2900 ng/cu m have been recorded in out door air in vicinity of manufacturing sites. More recently, monitoring studies have revealed chlorinated naphthalene concentration up to 150 pg/cu m at semi-rural sites and 1-40 pg/cu m at remote sites. Chlorinated naphthalenes can be absorbed via oral, inhalative and dermal routes, with absorption and distribution over the whole body after oral administration. Chlorinated naphthalenes, especially the dioxin like congeners, have been detected in adipose tissue, liver, blood and breast milk samples from the general population at concentration in the ng/kg lipid range. Severe skin reactions (chloracne) and liver disease have been reported after occupational exposure to chlorinated naphthalenes. Chloracne was common among workers who handling chlorinated naphthalenes in the 1930's to 1940's. A cohort study on workers exposed to chlorinated naphthalenes at a cable manufacturing plant found an excess of deaths from cirrhosis of the liver. However, individuals with chloracne did not show a higher mortality due to liver cirrhosis compared with other workers. The mortality from all cancers was slightly but significantly elevated among all exposed men (standardized mortality ratio =1.18), but was not more elevated in the subcohort with chloracne. This subcohort showed statistically significant excess mortality from cancer of the esophagus and from benign and unspecified neoplasms. Symptoms described in workers exposed to chlorinated naphthalenes included irritation of the eyes, fatigue, headache, anemia, hematuria, impotency, anorexia, vomiting and severe abdominal pain. The polychlorinated naphthalenes congener/isomer pattern found in human samples was significantly different from the commercial polychlorinated naphthalenes mixtures. Two dominating congeners were 1,2,3,5,7/1,2,5,6,7-hexachloronapthalene. Analyses of human tissue samples and fluids confirmed the high retention potency of the 1,2,3,4,6,7-/1,2,3,5,6,7-hexachloronaphthalene isomers. Chlorinated naphthalenes can be absorbed via oral, inhalative and dermal routes, with absorption and distribution over the e badministeredoy after oral admin. The main target organs are the liver and fat tissue (besides the kidney and lung) showing a high retention, especially for the higher chlorinated congeners The amount of bioaccumulation observed incr with the degree of chlorination of the chlorinated naphthalenes. Elimination of the parent compounds and/or metabolites occurs via feces and urine. Lower chlorinated naphthalenes are less toxic than the higher chlorinated naphthalenes. Long term and carcinogenicity studies with chlorinated naphthalenes have not been performed. Like related cmpd, chlorinated naphthalenes have been demonstrated to be inducers of the cytochrome p450 (CYP) dependent microsomal enzymes. 1,2,3,4,6,7-Hexachloronaphthalene has been found to accelerate the onset of spermatogenesis in male offspring of rats. Cattle developed severe hyperkeratosis during a 5 to 10 day oral exposure of purified hexachloronaphthalenes. Hexachlorinated naphthalenes showed hyperkeratoic activity in the rabbit ear test and in hairless mice. Rats fed a mixture of penta/hexachloronaphthalenes dosed on alternate days for 26 days showed moderate liver changes (swollen and vacoulated liver cells, as well as necrosis and degeneration of scattered cells.Inhalation of a mixture containing penta-/hexachloronaphthalenes resulted in slight histological liver damage in rats. Chlorinated naphthalenes were also found to change lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities in rats in a manner indicative of oxidative stress. At least some of the biological and toxic responses of chlorinated naphthalenes are believed to be mediated via the cytosolic Ah receptor, resembling those of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related cmpd. Two hexa-isomers , which are minor components of Halowax 1014 were given single oral doses of Halowax 1014 or a mixture of hexachloronaphthalenes (consisting of equal amounts of 1,2,3,5,6,7-hexachloronaphthalene and 1,2,3,4,6,7-hexachloronaphthalene and a third unidentified hexachloronapthalene) One day after exposure the polychlorinated naphthalene patadministeredtn adipose tissue of animals admin Halowax 1014 was similar to that of the technical product. In 10 days the two hexa-isomers were dominant and after 120 days, they were the only cogeners detected, their concn beings still above 50% of the measured after day 1. In liver samples this selective retention lasted 1 day. Rats dosed with the hexachloronaphthalene mixture showed a strong similar retention of the 1,2,3,5,6,7- and 1,2,3,4,6,7-hexachloronaphthalene (the other unidentified hexachloronaphthalene could not be detected. 1,2,3,4,6,7-Hexachloronaphthalene transfer from dam to offspring has been studied in Wistar rats. Concn of this isomer were noted in the fat of female offspring. Short term exposure to higher chlorinated naphthalenes resulted in mortality, liver damage, degeneration of the kidneys etc in rats, rabbits and cattle. Inhalation of a penta/hexachloronaphthalene mixture for 143 days resulted in a slight to moderate histological liver damage in rats. All chlorinated naphthalenes tested cause skin irritations in laboratory animals. Chlorinated napthalenes appear to be of moderate to high acute toxicity to aquatic organisms. /Chlorinated naphthalenes, Halowaxes, Higher Chlorinated Naphthalenes/
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
暴露途径
该物质可以通过吸入烟雾和透过皮肤被身体吸收。
The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of fume and through the skin.
来源:ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)
Rats (Sprague-Dawley, female; n = 12) were given single oral doses of Halowax 1014 (20 mg/kg body weight) or of a mixture (0.053 mg/ kg body weight) of hexachloronaphthalenes (consisting of equal amounts of 1,2,3,5,6,7-hexachloronaphthalene, 1,2,3,4,6,7-hexachloronaphthalene, and a third unidentified hexachloronaphthalene). The hepatic and adipose residue levels were measured 1, 10, 30, and 120 days after dosing. One day after exposure, the PCN pattern in the adipose tissue of the animals administered Halowax 1014 was similar to that of the technical product, but the relative levels of hepta- and octachloronaphthalenes were lower, possibly due to a less effective absorption of these compounds. However, within 10 days, the two hexa-isomers (co-eluting in gas chromatography) were dominant; after 120 days, they were the only congeners detected, their concentrations being still about 50% of that measured after 1 day. In liver samples, this selective retention was seen after only 1 day. Rats dosed with the hexachloronaphthalene mixture also showed a strong, similar retention of the 1,2,3,5,6,7- and 1,2,3,4,6,7-hexachloronaphthalene (the other unidentified hexachloronaphthalene could not be detected). The concentration ratios (based on the total concentrations of the two hexa-isomers) for liver/adipose tissue were found to be remarkably high: 7.3, 1.1, 0.8, and 0.63 at 24 hr and 10, 35, and 120 days, respectively, based on the fresh weights, or 140, 23, 17, and 13, based on the lipid weights.
The transfer of 1,2,3,4,6,7-hexachloronaphthalene from dam to offspring has been studied in Wistar rats orally (gavage) dosed with 1 ug 1,2,3,4,6,7-hexachloronaphthalene/kg body weight per day (in corn oil) on gestation days 14-16. Concentrations of 1,2,3,4,6,7-hexachloronaphthalene in fat of female offspring were 22.18 +/- 6.59 ug/kg (corresponding to 1.5-1.6 ng/pup) at birth (postnatal day 0) and 9.78 +/- 2.86 ug/kg (corresponding to 13-26 ng/pup) at weaning (postnatal day 21), and concentrations in fat of dams were 5.75 +/- 2.81 ug/kg at weaning; 1,2,3,4,6,7-hexachloronaphthalene was not detected in the control.
Verfahren zur reduktiven Dehalogenierung von Halogenverbindungen
申请人：BASF Aktiengesellschaft
公开号：EP0199066A1
公开（公告）日：1986-10-29
Reduktive Dehalogenierung von aliphatischen, cycloaliphatischen, aromatischen und araliphatischen Halogenverbindungen, bei denen mindestens ein Halogenatom kovalent an Kohlenstoff gebunden ist, indem man die Halogenierungen in der Gasphase im wesentlichen bei Normaldruck oder Überdruck mit Kohlenwasserstoffen an aktivem Kohlenstoff unter Bildung von Halogenwasserstoff umsetzt.
Verfahren zur reduktiven Dehalogenierung von organischen Halogenverbindungen
申请人：BASF Aktiengesellschaft
公开号：EP0290861B1
公开（公告）日：1990-07-04
COMPOSITION COMPRISING GLYCEROL, PROCESS FOR OBTAINING SAME AND USE THEREOF IN THE MANUFACTURE OF DICHLOROPROPANOL
申请人：SOLVAY SA
公开号：EP2268596B1
公开（公告）日：2017-05-31
Composition comprising glycerol, process for obtaining same and use thereof in the manufacture of dichloropropanol
申请人：Gilbeau Patrick
公开号：US20110028683A1
公开（公告）日：2011-02-03
A composition comprising glycerol and at least one cyclic oligomer of glycerol, a process for obtaining the composition, and its use in the manufacture of dichloropropanol and of derived products such as epichlorohydrin and epoxy resins.
