Quinone reductase 2 (QR2, E.C. 1.10.5.1) is an enzyme with a feature that has attracted attention for several decades: in standard conditions, instead of recognizing NAD(P)H as an electron donor, it recognizes putative metabolites of NADH, such as N -methyl- and N -ribosyl-dihydronicotinamide. QR2 has been particularly associated with reactive oxygen species and memory, strongly suggesting a link among QR2 (as a possible key element in pro-oxidation), autophagy, and neurodegeneration. In molecular and cellular pharmacology, understanding physiopathological associations can be difficult because of a lack of specific and powerful tools. Here, we present a thorough description of the potent, nanomolar inhibitor [2-(2-methoxy-5 H -1,4b,9-triaza(indeno[2,1-a]inden-10-yl)ethyl]-2-furamide (S29434 or NMDPEF; IC50 = 5–16 nM) of QR2 at different organizational levels. We provide full detailed syntheses, describe its cocrystallization with and behavior at QR2 on a millisecond timeline, show that it penetrates cell membranes and inhibits QR2-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production within the 100 nM range, and describe its actions in several in vivo models and lack of actions in various ROS-producing systems. The inhibitor is fairly stable in vivo, penetrates cells, specifically inhibits QR2, and shows activities that suggest a key role for this enzyme in different pathologic conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases.
醌还原酶2(QR2,E.C. 1.10.5.1)是一种酶,其特征吸引了数十年的关注:在标准条件下,它并不是识别
NAD(P)H作为电子供体,而是识别
NADH的假定代谢物,如N-甲基和N-
核糖基二氢烟酰胺。QR2与反应性氧种(ROS)和记忆特别相关,强烈暗示了QR2(作为可能的促氧化关键元素)、自噬和神经退行性疾病之间的联系。在分子和细胞药理学中,理解生理病理学关联可能很困难,因为缺乏特定且有效的工具。在这里,我们详细描述了一种强效纳摩尔
抑制剂[2-(2-甲氧基-5H-1,4b,9-三氮杂(内苯(2,1-a)
茚-10-基)乙基]-2-
呋喃酰胺(S29434或NMDPEF;IC50 = 5–16 nM),该
抑制剂在不同的组织
水平上对QR2的作用。我们提供了详细的合成过程,描述了其与QR2的共同晶体化及其在毫秒时间线上的行为,展示其能穿透细胞膜,并在100 nM范围内抑制QR2介导的反应性氧种(ROS)生成,并描述了它在多个体内模型中的作用及在各种ROS生成系统中缺乏作用。该
抑制剂在体内相对稳定,能穿透细胞,特异性抑制QR2,并显示出其在包括神经退行性疾病等不同病理条件下的关键作用。