Phosphonium ionic liquids: design, synthesis and evaluation of biodegradability
作者:Farzad Atefi、M. Teresa Garcia、Robert D. Singer、Peter J. Scammells
DOI:10.1039/b913057h
日期:——
The biodegradability of a range of phosphonium ionic liquids (ILs) was assessed using the CO2 headspace test (ISO 14593). Tetraalkylphosphonium cations in which one of the alkyl substituents contained ester, ether, alcohol or alkene functionality in order to promote biodegradation were targeted. These cations were paired with halide, triflimide and octylsulfate anions. In contrast to previously studied dialkylimidazolium and alkylpridinium ILs with incorporated ester moieties and octylsulfate anions, the phosphonium ILs showed relatively low levels of biodegradability.
Further studies on the biodegradation of ionic liquids
作者:Leigh Ford、Jitendra R. Harjani、Farzad Atefi、M. Teresa Garcia、Robert D. Singer、Peter J. Scammells
DOI:10.1039/c0gc00082e
日期:——
A range of ionic liquids (ILs) containing a pyridinium cation were synthesised and their biodegradability was evaluated using the CO2 headspace test (ISO 14593). ILs bearing a 1-(2-hydroxyethyl) side chain were prepared from either pyridine or nicotinic acid derivatives. These ILs showed high levels of biodegradation under aerobic conditions and can be classified as ‘readily biodegradable’. In contrast, pyridinium ILs with methyl or ethyl ether side chains showed significantly lower levels of biodegradability in the same test. Biodegradation studies on a range of novel ILs with acetal and carbamate functionalities, as well as thiazolium-based salts, also showed low levels of mineralization.
我们合成了一系列含有吡啶阳离子的离子液体 (IL),并使用二氧化碳顶空试验(ISO 14593)对其生物降解性进行了评估。含有 1-(2-羟乙基)侧链的离子液体由吡啶或烟酸衍生物制备而成。这些 IL 在有氧条件下显示出较高的生物降解水平,可归类为 "易生物降解"。相比之下,带有甲基或乙基醚侧链的吡啶鎓惰性聚合体在同一测试中的生物降解能力明显较低。对一系列具有缩醛和氨基甲酸酯官能团的新型 IL 以及噻唑盐进行的生物降解研究也显示出较低的矿化水平。
Sodium decyl sulfate wash solution, test kit and method for the determination of an immunological ligand
申请人:EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY
(a New Jersey corporation)
公开号:EP0328413A2
公开(公告)日:1989-08-16
An aqueous wash solution is buffered to a pH of from 5 to 9 and contains at least 1.5 weight percent of a compound comprising a lower alcohol sulfate anion having from 6 to 10 carbon atoms and an alkali metal or ammonium cation, such as sodium decyl sulfate. This wash solution is useful in a method for the determination of an immunological ligand, and is not prone to crystallization at lower temperatures. Particularly, it is useful for washing the immunological complex formed between the ligand and a receptor molecule therefor. Unreacted materials can be readily separated from the complex by the washing, particularly if the separation is carried out using a filtration membrane in a test device. A test kit for ligand determination comprises the wash solution as well as one or more receptors for the ligand, at least one of which is labeled for detection. This kit is particularly useful for measuring human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) as an early indicator of pregnancy.
A cleaning and disinfecting composition which provides effective cleaning, disinfecting and shine performance, said composition comprising a surfactant system comprising from 0.01% to 10% by weight of the total composition of an amine oxide, from 0.01% to 20% by weight of a short chain alkyl sulphate surfactant according to the formula R1SO4M wherein R1 represents a saturated or unsaturated alkyl group containing from 6 to 8 carbon atoms and M is H or a cation, and from 0.01% to 20% by weight of a long chain alkyl sulphate surfactant according to the formula R2SO4M wherein R2 represents a saturated or unsaturated alkyl group containing from 9 to 30 carbon atoms and M is H or a cation. More preferably, the composition further comprises an antimicrobial compound and/or a peroxygen bleach for further enhanced disinfection performance.
A process for the production of a stabilized polycarbonate which comprises melt-polycondensing an aromatic dihydroxy compound and a carbonic acid diester in the presence of a polycondensation catalyst and then, after the reaction mixture shows an intrinsic viscosity of at least 0.1, adding at least one stabilizer selected from the group consisting of specific compounds having a sulfanate group and a sulfonic acid anhydride group in an amount of 0.01 to 500 ppm of a polycarbonate to be formed, to form a polycarbonate having a desired intrinsic viscosity.