甲状腺激素对儿童和成人的许多生理功能至关重要。动物研究发现,接触包括氯吡磷在内的化学物质会在环境相关水平上改变甲状腺信号。本研究的目的是利用来自美国国家健康和营养调查(NHANES)的12岁及以上个体的数据,检查循环中的T4和TSH水平与尿液中3,5,6-三氯-2-吡啶酚(TCPY)浓度的关系,TCPY是有机磷杀虫剂氯吡磷和甲基氯吡磷的代谢物。将1999年至2000年和2001-2002年的NHANES数据集合并,并排除了患有甲状腺疾病、服用甲状腺药物和孕妇的个体(N = 3249)。构建了多元线性回归模型,以探讨尿液中TCPY的对数转换与血清总T4或TSH对数之间的关系,并调整了重要的协变量。模型按性别和一个分类年龄变量(12-18,18-40,40-60和>60岁)进行了分层。在男性参与者中,尿液中TCPY的四分位数范围(IQR)增加与12-18岁年龄组血清T4的统计学显著增加3.8%(95% CI 0.75至7.0)和18-40岁年龄组的3.5%(95% CI 0.13至7.0)相关,相对于使用非加权模型的中位数T4水平。TCPY的IQR增加还与18-40岁男性TSH的下降10.7%(-18.7至2.05)和>60岁男性TSH的下降20.0%(95% CI -28.9至-9.86)相关。相反,尿液中TCPY与>60岁的女性TSH呈正相关。/3,5,6-三氯-2-吡啶酚(甲基氯吡磷代谢物)/
Thyroid hormones are vital to a host of human physiological functions in both children and adults. Exposures to chemicals, including chlorpyrifos, have been found to modify thyroid signaling at environmentally relevant levels in animal studies. The aim of this study was to examine circulating T4 and TSH levels in relation to urinary concentrations of 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPY), a metabolite of the organophosphorus insecticides chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos-methyl, using data from individuals 12 years and older from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). NHANES datasets from 1999 to 2000 and 2001-2002 were combined, and individuals with thyroid disease, those taking thyroid medications, and pregnant women were excluded (N = 3249). Multivariable linear regression models for relationships between log-transformed urinary TCPY and serum total T(4) or log (TSH) were constructed adjusting for important covariates. Models were stratified by sex and a categorical age variable (12-18, 18-40, 40-60, and >60 years). In male participants, an interquartile range (IQR) increase in urinary TCPY was associated with statistically significant increases in serum T(4) of 3.8% (95th CI 0.75 to 7.0) among those 12-18 years of age and 3.5% (95th CI 0.13 to 7.0) in the 18-40 year age group, relative to median T4 levels using unweighted models. An IQR increase in TCPY was also associated with decreases in TSH of 10.7% (-18.7-2.05) among men 18-40 years old and 20.0% (95th CI -28.9 to -9.86) among men >60 years old. Conversely, urinary TCPY was positively associated with TSH in females >60 years of age. /3,5,6-Trichloro-2-pyridinol (chlorpyrifos-methyl metabolite)/
The urinary metabolites of chlorpyrifos-methyl were investigated by TLC ... . The primary metabolite was identified by co-chromatography as 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP). Additional non-mobile material was stated to be conjugated TCP. Metabolites were not quantified, and fecal metabolites were not investigated.
The oxidative desulfuration of the three phosphorothionate insecticides -- chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, and leptophos--was studied in rat brain and liver. Hepatic microsomes demonstrated activities of 4-28 nmol/g/min, with male activity 2- to 4-fold higher than female activity. Very low desulfuration activity of all three compounds was observed in both microsomal and crude mitochondrial fractions from brain (3-27 pmol/g/min). There were no sex differences in the brain. Although the liver displayed 140- to 2100-fold greater activity than brain on a wet-weight basis, the brain desulfuration activities of these three compounds as well as those of some previously reported phosphorothionates generally correlate well with the toxicity and may be important in determining the overall acute toxicity levels of phosphorothionate insecticides.
Urinary metabolites ... were identified by gas-liquid chromatography, TLC and mass spectrometry as 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) (13.8%), its glucuronide conjugate (68.6%) and the desmethyl metabolite O-methyl-O-(3,5,6-trichloropyridyl) phosphorothioate (17.8%). Feces were not analysed, as they contained less than 5% of the administered radiolabel.
A normal metabolic reaction with phosphorothioates is oxidative desulfuration or isomerization to give the oxon form, which is the more potent inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase. Chlorpyrifosmethyl oxon was not identified in the rat metabolism studies with chlorpyrifos-methyl.
IDENTIFICATION: Chlorpyrifos-methyl is an organophosphate pesticide used to control insects on fruits, vegetables and cereal plants. It is used to control insects in grain storage areas. This pesticide is a granular crystalline solid with a mercaptan odor. It is soluble in acetone, acetonitrile, benzene, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, diethyl ether, ethanol, methanol, n-octanol and hexane. It is insoluble in water. HUMAN EXPOSURE: Fourteen male volunteers were divided into two treatment groups of 5 men each and a control group of four men. Chlorpyrifos-methyl was administered by gelatin capsule in a single daily dose for four weeks. Plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterase activities were not depressed at the levels tested. Hematology, blood chemistry, urinalysis, blood pressure, pulse and ophthalmology were not affected by the treatment. ANIMAL STUDIES/BIRDS: This pesticide was administered to groups of Sprague-Dawley CD strain rats in the diet for 104 weeks. There was no compound related effect on the incidence of spontaneous tumors. Chlorpyrifos-methyl administered orally to mice from day 7 through day 13 of gestation. Animals were sacrificed on day 18 and pups were removed by caesarean section. No significant difference was observed between control and treated groups concerning the number of implants and number of deaths. Body weights were lower in both males at the highest dose level. An increased incidence of cleft palate and a delay of ossification of the cervicovertebral body were observed at the high dose. When pregnant mice were dosed with a single oral dose on the seventh or eleventh day of pregnancy, there was no effect on mortality or body weights of the fetuses. A skeletal abnormality was observed (exencephalia, cleft palate, liberation of bone fragments of the cervicovertebral arch). Undiluted chlorpyrifos-methyl applied directly to the conjunctival sac of rabbits caused signs of irritation, which subsided after 24-48 hr. No corneal injury was noted. No significant skin reaction occurred when undiluted pesticide was applied to shaved and abraded skin of rabbits for prolonged periods. Chlorpyrifos-methyl was administered to rats in a three generation (two litters per generation) reproduction study. The pesticide was dosed orally. No treatment related effects were noted on behavior, survival and body weight gain or food consumption oberved in parental animals. Pup weights of the second litter, third generation were significantly less than control. There was no effect on sex ratio. In adults of the third generation, plasma cholinesterase activity decreased in both sexes at different dose levels. Mallard ducks, Bobwhite quail, Japanese quail were fed various doses of this pesticide for five days and observed for a further three days showed body weight and food consumption reduced for the Bobwhite and Japanese quail and at higher dose for the Mallard duck. Whole blood cholinesterase was inhibited. When 2,6-(14)C ring labeled chlorpyrifos-methyl was administered as a single dose to rats, radioactivity was readily absorbed and excreted. After 72 hr, 90-93% of the radioactivity was eliminated from the body. Urinary metabolites included 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol and unidentified activity at the origin by thin layer chromatography.
Chlorpyrifos-methyl is a cholinesterase or acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. A cholinesterase inhibitor (or 'anticholinesterase') suppresses the action of acetylcholinesterase. Because of its essential function, chemicals that interfere with the action of acetylcholinesterase are potent neurotoxins, causing excessive salivation and eye-watering in low doses, followed by muscle spasms and ultimately death. Nerve gases and many substances used in insecticides have been shown to act by binding a serine in the active site of acetylcholine esterase, inhibiting the enzyme completely. Acetylcholine esterase breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is released at nerve and muscle junctions, in order to allow the muscle or organ to relax. The result of acetylcholine esterase inhibition is that acetylcholine builds up and continues to act so that any nerve impulses are continually transmitted and muscle contractions do not stop. Among the most common acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are phosphorus-based compounds, which are designed to bind to the active site of the enzyme. The structural requirements are a phosphorus atom bearing two lipophilic groups, a leaving group (such as a halide or thiocyanate), and a terminal oxygen.
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
对人类不具有致癌性(未被国际癌症研究机构IARC列名)。
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
健康影响
急性接触胆碱酯酶抑制剂可能会导致胆碱能危象,表现为严重的恶心/呕吐、流涎、出汗、心动过缓、低血压、崩溃和抽搐。肌肉无力可能性增加,如果呼吸肌受到影响,可能会导致死亡。在运动神经积累的乙酰胆碱会导致神经肌肉接头处尼古丁受体的过度刺激。当这种情况发生时,可以看到肌肉无力、疲劳、肌肉痉挛、肌束震颤和麻痹的症状。当自主神经节积累乙酰胆碱时,这会导致交感系统中尼古丁受体的过度刺激。与此相关的症状包括高血压和低血糖。由于乙酰胆碱积累,中枢神经系统中尼古丁乙酰胆碱受体的过度刺激会导致焦虑、头痛、抽搐、共济失调、呼吸和循环抑制、震颤、全身无力,甚至可能昏迷。当由于乙酰胆碱过量在毒蕈碱乙酰胆碱受体上出现毒蕈碱过度刺激时,可能会出现视力障碍、胸部紧绷、由于支气管收缩引起的喘息、支气管分泌物增加、唾液分泌增加、流泪、出汗、肠蠕动和排尿的症状。对于男性和女性的生育、生长和发育,某些生殖效应与有机磷农药暴露有特定联系。关于生殖效应的大多数研究都是在农村地区使用农药和杀虫剂的农民中进行的。在女性中,月经周期紊乱、怀孕时间延长、自然流产、死产以及后代的一些发育效应与有机磷农药暴露有关。产前暴露与胎儿生长和发育受损有关。神经毒性效应也与有机磷农药中毒有关,在人类中引起四种神经毒性效应:胆碱能综合症、中间综合症、有机磷诱导的迟发性多发性神经病(OPIDP)和慢性有机磷诱导的神经精神障碍(COPIND)。这些综合症在急性 and 慢性暴露于有机磷农药后出现。
Acute exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors can cause a cholinergic crisis characterized by severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Accumulation of ACh at motor nerves causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression at the neuromuscular junction. When this occurs symptoms such as muscle weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, fasciculation, and paralysis can be seen. When there is an accumulation of ACh at autonomic ganglia this causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression in the sympathetic system. Symptoms associated with this are hypertension, and hypoglycemia. Overstimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system, due to accumulation of ACh, results in anxiety, headache, convulsions, ataxia, depression of respiration and circulation, tremor, general weakness, and potentially coma. When there is expression of muscarinic overstimulation due to excess acetylcholine at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors symptoms of visual disturbances, tightness in chest, wheezing due to bronchoconstriction, increased bronchial secretions, increased salivation, lacrimation, sweating, peristalsis, and urination can occur. Certain reproductive effects in fertility, growth, and development for males and females have been linked specifically to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Most of the research on reproductive effects has been conducted on farmers working with pesticides and insecticdes in rural areas. In females menstrual cycle disturbances, longer pregnancies, spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and some developmental effects in offspring have been linked to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Prenatal exposure has been linked to impaired fetal growth and development. Neurotoxic effects have also been linked to poisoning with OP pesticides causing four neurotoxic effects in humans: cholinergic syndrome, intermediate syndrome, organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP), and chronic organophosphate-induced neuropsychiatric disorder (COPIND). These syndromes result after acute and chronic exposure to OP pesticides.
Symptoms of low dose exposure include excessive salivation and eye-watering. Acute dose symptoms include severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Hypertension, hypoglycemia, anxiety, headache, tremor and ataxia may also result.
The dermal absorption of Reldan 22 (224 g/L chlorpyrifos-methyl, solvent based) was assessed in vitro using full-thickness male Fischer 344 rat skin. Single (10 uL) 28 hr applications of (14)C-labelled test material (undiluted or 1% aqueous dilution) were made to the epidermal surface of skin discs held in occluded flow diffusion cells at 31 °C. Receptor fluid (tissue culture medium containing 6% polyethylene glycol 20 oleyl ether) was collected at 2 h intervals. The solubility of chlorpyrifosmethyl in the receptor fluid was confirmed to be higher than the applied dose. For the concentrate, total recovery of radioactivity was high (92.27-99.32%). A lag time for penetration of 4-6 hr was observed; this was followed by linear absorption over the following 24 hr. For the spray strength dilution, total recovery of radioactivity was also high (95.05-100.89%). Distribution of radioactivity was consistent for all of the six replicates. A lag time for penetration of 8-10 hr was observed; this was followed by linear absorption over the remainder of the study. The linear absorption rate was calculated to be 10.4 ug/sq cm per hour for the concentrate and 0.039 ug/sq cm per hour for the 1% dilution. Dermal penetration was low for both formulation types.
Two male Sprague-Dawley rats (approximately 200 g) were gavaged with (14)C-radiolabelled chlorpyrifos-methyl (purity >99%; 377 MBq/mmol; labelled at positions 2 and 6 on the pyridyl ring) at a dose level of 16 mg/kg bw (in corn oil). Urine, feces and expired carbon dioxide were collected for up to 72 hr. Blood samples were taken from the tail at intervals throughout the study period. Radioactivity levels were determined by liquid scintillation counting or combustion analysis (fecal samples). Urinary metabolites were identified by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and autoradiography. Peak blood radioactivity levels were reported at 5 hr, at which point the amount of test material in the blood was calculated to be approximately 3.0% (2.4-3.7%; absolute levels not given) of the administered dose. Levels of radioactivity indicated rapid clearance from blood, and the peak level seen at 5 hr had declined by 50% at approximately 9 hr following administration, suggesting an initial half-life of approximately 4 hr. Excretion of radioactivity was found to be primarily in the urine and largely within 24 hr of administration. Radioactivity levels in expired air were minimal. Residual tissue radioactivity levels at 72 hr were low in all tissues (<1 part per million [ppm]), but varied markedly between the two animals.
When (14)C-bound residues were fed to male rats for 24 hours, the animals eliminated 75% of the radioactivity in urine, 7% in expired air and 8% in faeces after 3 days, indicating that the bound residues were highly bioavailable. A further "bioavailable" amount (4%) was found in selected organs.
Tissue distributions of dichlorvos, an organophosphate, and chlorpyrifos-methyl, an organophosphorothioate, were determined. Tiny amounts of dichlorvos, 0.067 and 0.027 mg/L, were detected in the vitreous humor and cerebrospinal fluid, respectively. Although dichlorvos (0.082-8.99 mg/L or mg/kg) was detected in the thoracic aortic blood, thoracic inferior vena caval blood, pericardial fluid, bile, and spleen, it was strongly suggested that it had diffused postmortem from the stomach, which contained 879 mg, because no dichlorvos was detected in the other blood samples and tissues tested. Substantial amounts (0.615-4.15 mg/L) of chlorpyrifos-methyl were detected in all blood samples, and the order of its concentrations was as follows: pulmonary vessel blood > thoracic inferior vena caval blood > blood in the right cardiac chambers > blood in the left cardiac chambers = thoracic aortic blood > right femoral venous blood. The total amount of chlorpyrifos-methyl in the stomach was 612 mg. However, it was strongly suggested that virtually no chlorpyrifos-methyl diffused from the stomach into surrounding fluids and tissues postmortem because no chlorpyrifos-methyl was detected in the bile and little was found in the pericardial fluids. Neither compound was detected in the urine. In vitro experiments showed that dichlorvos (10 mg/L) almost disappeared from fresh (pH 7.4) and acidified (pH 6.2) blood samples within 24 and 72 hr, respectively. However, 53 and 77% of the original amount of dichlorvos in 0.05M phosphate buffers at pH 7.4 and 6.2 were detected 72 hr later. Chlorpyrifos-methyl (1 mg/L) was very stable in blood samples, regardless of the pH, during the 72-hr study period, but in the pH 7.4 and 6.2 phosphate buffers, approximately 80% of the original amount had degraded after 72 hr. ... When sodium fluoride was added to blood samples, dichlorvos degraded completely within 15 min, and chlorpyrifos-methyl became very unstable. When analyzing samples to detect organophosphorus chemicals, this common preservative should not be added to fluid specimens.
[EN] ACC INHIBITORS AND USES THEREOF<br/>[FR] INHIBITEURS DE L'ACC ET UTILISATIONS ASSOCIÉES
申请人:GILEAD APOLLO LLC
公开号:WO2017075056A1
公开(公告)日:2017-05-04
The present invention provides compounds I and II useful as inhibitors of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (ACC), compositions thereof, and methods of using the same.
[EN] BICYCLYL-SUBSTITUTED ISOTHIAZOLINE COMPOUNDS<br/>[FR] COMPOSÉS ISOTHIAZOLINE SUBSTITUÉS PAR UN BICYCLYLE
申请人:BASF SE
公开号:WO2014206910A1
公开(公告)日:2014-12-31
The present invention relates to bicyclyl-substituted isothiazoline compounds of formula (I) wherein the variables are as defined in the claims and description. The compounds are useful for combating or controlling invertebrate pests, in particular arthropod pests and nematodes. The invention also relates to a method for controlling invertebrate pests by using these compounds and to plant propagation material and to an agricultural and a veterinary composition comprising said compounds.
The present invention relates to azoline compounds of formula (I) wherein A, B1, B2, B3, G1, G2, X1, R1, R3a, R3b, Rg1 and Rg2 are as defined in the claims and the description. The compounds are useful for combating or controlling invertebrate pests, in particular arthropod pests and nematodes. The invention also relates to a method for controlling invertebrate pests by using these compounds and to plant propagation material and to an agricultural and a veterinary composition comprising said compounds.