Plasma & tissue enzymes are responsible for hydrolysis /of organophosphorus compounds/ to the corresponding phosphoric & phosphonic acids. However, oxidative enzymes are also involved in the metabolism of some organophosphorus compounds. /Anticholinesterase agents/
The organophosphorus anticholinesterase agents are hydrolyzed in the body by a group of enzymes known as A-esterases or paroxonase. The enzymes are found in plasma and in the hepatic endoplasmic reticulum & can hydrolyze a large number of organophosphorus compounds ... by splitting the anhydride, P-F, P-CN, or ester bond. /Anticholinesterase agents/
Bromophos was enzymatically degraded to 4-bromo-2,5-dichlorophenyl phosphorothionate. This was the only product formed when hog or mouse liver preparations were used. Glutathione stimulated the reaction. When incubated with 4 molor sodium hydroxide, dimethyl phosphorothionate formed. No desmethyl bromophos was observed. When incubated with buffers of pH 10 and 11, the aryl phosphorothionate did form. /Bromophos/
Analyses of meat fats of animals from areas that use bromophos-ethyl dips and sprays to control cattle ticks have detected a residue identified as O,O-diethyl O-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)phosphorothionate.
Airway protection. Insure that a clear airway exists. Intubate the patients and aspirate the secretions with a large-bore suction device if necessary. Administer oxygen by mechanically assisted pulmonary ventilation if respiration is depressed. Improve tissue oxygenation as much as possible before administering atropine, so as to minimize the risk of ventricular fibrillation. In severe poisonings, it may be necessary to support pulmonary ventilation mechanically for several days. /Organophosphate pesticides/
Atropine sulfate. Administer atropine sulfate intravenously, or intramuscularly if intravenous injection is not possible. Remember that atropine can be administered through an endotracheal tube if initial IV access if difficult to obtain. Depending on the severity of poisoning, doses of atropine ranging from very low to as high as 300 mg/day may be required, or even continuous infusion. The objective of atropine antidotal therapy is to antagonize the effects of excessive concentrations of acetylcholine at end-organs having muscarinic receptors. Atropine does not reactivate the cholinesterase enzyme or accelerate disposition of organophosphate. Recrudescence of poisoning may occur if tissue concentrations of organophosphate remain high when the effect of atropine wears off. Atropine is effective against muscarinic manifestations, but it is ineffective against nicotinic actions, specifically muscle weakness and twitching, and respiratory depression. Despite the limitations, atropine is often a life-saving agent in organophosphate poisonings. Favorable response to a test dose of atropine (1 mg in adults, 0.01 mg/kg in children under 12 years) can help differentiate poisoning by anticholinesterase agents from other conditions. However, lack of response, with no evidence of atropinization (atropine refractoriness) is typical of more severe poisonings. The adjunctive use of nebulized atropine has been reported to improve respiratory distress, decrease bronchial secretions, and increase oxygenation. /Organophosphate pesticides/
... The organophosphorus insecticides are, in contrast to the chlorinated insecticides, rapidly metabolized & excreted and are not appreciably stored in body tissues. /Organophosphorus insecticides/
Novel thienylpyridylcarboxamides of the formula (I)
The present application is also directed to a plurality of processes for preparing these compounds and their use for controlling unwanted microorganisms, and also novel intermediates and their preparation.
[EN] ISOXAZOLINE DERIVATIVES AS INSECTICIDES<br/>[FR] DÉRIVÉS D'ISOXAZOLINE EN TANT QU'INSECTICIDES
申请人：SYNGENTA PARTICIPATIONS AG
公开号：WO2011101402A1
公开（公告）日：2011-08-25
The present invention relates to compounds formula (I), wherein P is P1, P2, heterocyclyl or heterocyclyl substituted by one to five Z; and wherein A1, A2, A3, A4, G1, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R17, R18, R19 and R20 are as defined in claim 1; or a salt or N-oxide thereof. Furthermore, the present invention relates to processes and intermediates for preparing compounds of formula (I), to insecticidal, acaricidal, nematicidal and molluscicidal compositions comprising the compounds of formula (I) and to methods of using the compounds of formula (I) to control insect, acarine, nematode and mollusc pests.
