Vanadium is absorbed mainly via inhalation, though small amounts can be absorbed through the skin and gastrointestional tract. It is rapidly distributed in the plasma, mainly to the kidney, liver, lungs, heart, bone, where it tends to accumulate. With the help of cytochrome P-450 enzymes, it can interconvert between its two oxidation states, vanadyl (V+4) and vanadate (V+5). Both states of vanadium can reversibly bind to transferrin protein in the blood and then be taken up into erythrocytes. Vanadium is excreted mainly in the urine. (L837)
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Pure vanadium is a bright white metal. Vanadium is used in producing rust-resistant, spring, and high-speed tool steels. It is an important carbide stabilizer in making steels. Vanadium-containing catalysts are used in several oxidation reactions such as the manufacture of phthalic anhydride and sulfuric acid as well as in the production of pesticides and black dyes, inks, and pigments, which are used by the textile, printing, and ceramic industries. An important use of vanadium is as an oxidation catalyst in automobile catalytic converters. Other minor functions of vanadium compounds include their use as color modifiers in mercury-vapor lamps, driers in paints and varnishes, corrosion inhibitors in flue-gas scrubbers, and as components in photographic developers. Future application of vanadium compounds may include an increased number of uses as a catalyst, a potential role in superconductors, thermal or light-activated resistor-conductors, vanadate glasses, elecrooptical switches, and the induction of high magnetic fields. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Acute Overdosage: Headache, CNS depression, dry mouth, metallic taste, green tongue, abdominal pain, diarrhea, black stools, ocular irritation, occupational asthma, pulmonary edema, tracheitis, rhinitis, epistaxis, peripheral vasoconstriction of lungs, spleen, kidney, intestine, and dermatitis. Cross-sectional study recruited 533 vanadium exposed workers and 241 non-exposed workers to provide human evidence on serum lipid, lipoprotein profiles and atherogenic indexes changes in relation to vanadium exposure. Among male workers, a significantly negative association existed between low HDL-C level, abnormal atherogenic index and occupational vanadium exposure. This suggests vanadium has beneficial effects on blood levels of HDL-C and apoA-I. However, the other study found evidence of altered neurobehavioral outcomes by occupational exposure to vanadium. ANIMAL STUDIES: Some experimental animal studies reported that vanadium had beneficial effects on blood total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG). ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Adult porpoises displayed significant higher concentrations of vanadium in livers compared to juveniles. Trace concentrations of vanadium have several benefits for plant growth, but high concentrations are toxic.
Vanadium damages alveolar macrophages by decreasing the macrophage membrane integrity, thus impairing the cell's phagocytotic ability and viability. The pentavalent form of vanadium, vanadate, is a potent inhibitor of the Ca+-ATPase and Na+,K+-ATPase of plasma membranes, which decreases intracellular ATP concentration. Vanadium is also believed to induce the production of reactive oxygen species. This may damage DNA and also cause oxidative stress, which can damage the reproductive system. Vanadium also inhibits protein tyrosine phosphatases, producing insulin-like effects. (L837, A247, A248, A249, A250, A251)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
对人类不具有致癌性(未被国际癌症研究机构IARC列名)。
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
健康影响
吸入高浓度的钒会影响肺部、喉咙和眼睛。摄入钒可能会导致肾脏和肝脏损伤、出生缺陷或死亡。
Breathing high levels of vanadium affects the lungs, throat, and eyes. Ingestion of vanadium may cause kidney and liver damage, birth defects, or death. (L837)
Absorption of vanadium from the gastrointestinal tract is poor, not exceeding 2% in humans. ... Absorbed vanadium is widely distributed in the body. In animals, the highest values are found in the bone, kidney, liver, and spleen. Bone maintains essentially unchanged levels for several weeks. Low concentrations have been detected in the brain, and in animal placenta and testes.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
尿液是吸收的钒的主要排泄途径。动物和人类数据显示排泄至少分为两个阶段。
Urine is the predominant route of excretion of absorbed vanadium. Animal and human data indicate that excretion occurs in at least two phases.
Absorption: Primarily though inhalation; oral and dermal absorption is poor. Distribution: Although vanadium is found throughout tissues, the majority is found in fat. Elimination: Excreted through both urine and feces. /SRP:Disolution from prostheses is a route of exposure./
The bioaccessibility of vanadium metal has been investigated experimentally in vitro by simulating dissolution under physiological conditions considered to mimic the most relevant exposure routes (oral, dermal, and inhalation). Dissolved V concentrations were below 2% at the loading of 0.1 g/L vanadium, corresponding to a solubility of less than 2%. ...
Neue Synthesen mit Magnesiumhydrid. Teil 3: Herstellung nanokristalliner und amorpher Metalle durch Hydridreduktion / New Syntheses with Magnesium Hydride. Part 3: Preparation of Nanocrystalline or Amorphous Metals by Hydride Reduction
摘要:
摘要
在有机溶剂中,镁氢化物对金属卤化物进行摩擦化学还原,可以合成纳米尺寸或非晶态金属。
DOI:
10.1515/znb-1998-0412
作为试剂:
描述:
alkaline earth salt of/the/ methylsulfuric acid 、 alkaline earth salt of/the/ methylsulfuric acid 在
钒 、 氮气 作用下,
生成 氢氰酸
参考文献:
名称:
Askenasy; Bring, Zeitschrift fur Elektrochemie und angewandte physikalische Chemie, 1926, vol. 32, p. 216
Reactions in mixed non-aqueous systems containing sulphur dioxide. Part 2. The dissolution of transition metals in the binary mixture dimethyl sulphoxide–sulphur dioxide, and ion-pair formation involving the sulphoxylate radical ion in mixed solvents containing sulphur dioxide
作者:W. David Harrison、J. Bernard Gill、David C. Goodall
DOI:10.1039/dt9790000847
日期:——
The metals (Ti, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Cd) react with the mixednon-aqueous solvent dimethylsulphoxide–sulphurdioxide to form the metal disulphates. Other metals (M = Ce, Pr, Eu, Dy, or U) dissolve in the mixed solvent, but it has not been possible to characterize the products. The existence of the [SO2]– radical ion, and of ion pairs containing a metal ion and [SO2]–, has been demonstrated
Oxidation of Vanadium(III) by Hydrogen Peroxide and the Oxomonoperoxo Vanadium(V) Ion in Acidic Aqueous Solutions: A Kinetics and Simulation Study
作者:Guodong Du、James H. Espenson
DOI:10.1021/ic050502j
日期:2005.7.1
The reaction between vanadium(III) and hydrogenperoxide in aqueous acidicsolutions was investigated. The rate law shows first-order dependences on both vanadium(III) and hydrogenperoxide concentrations, with a rate constant, defined in terms of -d[H(2)O(2)]/dt, of 2.06 +/- 0.03 L mol(-)(1) s(-)(1) at 25 degrees C; the rate is independent of hydrogen ion concentration. The varying reaction stoichiometry
Gas-phase reactions of iron(1-) and cobalt(1-) with simple thiols, sulfides, and disulfides by Fourier-transform mass spectrometry
作者:L. Sallans、K. R. Lane、B. S. Freiser
DOI:10.1021/ja00185a013
日期:1989.2
products, H-Fesup minus}}-SH and Fesup minus}}-SH. Some of the thermochemical data derived from this study include Ddegree}(Msup minus}}-S) > 103 kcal/mol and Ddegree}(Msup minus}}-SH) = 83 plus minus}9 kcal/mol. Finally, a brief survey of the reactivity of Vsup minus}}, Crsup minus}}, and Mosup minus}} with selected organosulfur compounds is also reported. 79 refs., 3 figs., 7 tabs
thermal stability, structural and magnetic properties of Sm 2 (Fe 1−x M x ) 17 N y nitrides (M = Co, Ni, Al, Ti and V) have been investigated. The Curie temperature increases with Co concentration but decreases with Ni or Al concentration. The saturation magnetization M s and the anisotropy field B a at room temperature of Sm 2 (Fe 1 - x Co x ) 17 N y both reach their maxima of 147 J/T kg and 15.5 T respectively
摘要 研究了 Sm 2 (Fe 1− x M x ) 17 N y 氮化物(M = Co、Ni、Al、Ti 和 V)的热稳定性、结构和磁性能。居里温度随 Co 浓度升高,但随 Ni 或 Al 浓度降低。Sm 2 (Fe 1 - x Co x ) 17 N y 在室温下的饱和磁化强度M s 和各向异性场B a 分别达到147 J/T kg 和15.5 T 的最大值。所有氮化物都在 ≈ 650°C 的类似温度下开始分解。
CeScSi- and CeFeSi-type structures in compounds derived from GdTiGe
were employed in investigations of the solid solutions based on GdTiGe compounds. These solid solutions have existence regions of the CeScSi-type phase, the CeFeSi-type phase and of their mixture. Gd 0.9 TiGe, Sm x Gd 1− x TiGe ( x =0–0.1, 0.9–1), GdSc x Ti 1− x Ge ( x =0–0.1), Y x Gd 1− x TiGe ( x =0–1), GdZr, Hf, V, Nb, Cr, Cu} 0.15 Ti 0.85 Ge, GdV, Mn} 0.3 Ti 0.7 Ge, GdTiGe 0.9 Si 0.1 form coherent
摘要 采用X射线相分析和金相分析等物理化学分析技术对基于GdTiGe化合物的固溶体进行研究。这些固溶体具有CeScSi型相、CeFeSi型相以及它们的混合物的存在区域。Gd 0.9 TiGe, Sm x Gd 1− x TiGe ( x =0–0.1, 0.9–1), GdSc x Ti 1− x Ge ( x =0–0.1), Y x Gd 1− x TiGe ( x =0– 1), GdZr, Hf, V, Nb, Cr, Cu} 0.15 Ti 0.85 Ge, GdV, Mn} 0.3 Ti 0.7 Ge, GdTiGe 0.9 Si 0.1 形成CeScSi型和CeFeSi型相的相干混合物, 而 GdTi 0.9 Ge 和固溶体 Sm x Gd 1- x TiGe ( x =0.2-0.9), GdSc x Ti 1- x Ge ( x =0.15-1), GdMo 0.15