溴化汞 | 7789-47-1

• 分子结构分类: 无机化合物 - 混合金属/非金属化合物 - 过渡金属盐
• 中文名称: 溴化汞
• 中文别名: 溴化汞(II)
• 英文名称: mercuric bromide
• 英文别名: mercury bromide；mercuric dibromide；Mercuric bromide [MI]；mercury(2+);dibromide
• CAS: 7789-47-1
• 化学式: Br₂Hg
• 分子量: 360.398
• InChiKey: NGYIMTKLQULBOO-UHFFFAOYSA-L

物化性质

• 熔点：
  236 °C
• 沸点：
  322 °C
• 密度：
  6.05
• 蒸气密度：
  12 (vs air)
• 物理描述：
  Mercuric bromide appears as white rhombic crystals. Sensitive to light. Slightly soluble in water and denser than water. Severely toxic by inhalation and ingestion.
• 颜色/状态：
  White crystals or crystalline powder
• 溶解度：
  Sol in about 200 parts cold, 25 parts boiling water; freely sol in hot alcohol, in methanol, hydrogen bromide, alkali bromide soln, hydrochloric acid; slightly sol in chloroform.
• 蒸汽压力：
  100 mm Hg at 237.8 °C (liquid); 1 mm Hg at 136.5 °C (solid)
• 稳定性/保质期：
  1. 如果遵照规格使用和储存，则不会分解。 2. 请避免接触氧化物。该物质微溶于冷水，易溶于热乙醇，见光会分解，并且具有毒性。吸入或皮肤接触可能造成极毒危害，还有蓄积性风险。 3. 它难溶于乙醚，但微溶于水和氯仿，并能溶解在甲醇、乙醇、盐酸、氢溴酸以及碱金属溴化物溶液中。遇热硝酸或稀硫酸会分解，在光的作用下还会释放出汞，导致颜色变黑。

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  1.69
• 重原子数：
  3
• 可旋转键数：
  0
• 环数：
  0.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.0
• 拓扑面积：
  0
• 氢给体数：
  0
• 氢受体数：
  0

ADMET

代谢

汞主要通过摄入和吸入被吸收，然后通过血液流布全身，其中一部分会与血红蛋白上的巯基团结合。汞可以经过氧化变成汞离子，这一过程通过过氧化氢酶-过氧化氢途径进行。汞原子能够扩散到过氧化氢酶酶隙中，到达含有血红素环的活性位点。由于过氧化氢酶-过氧化氢途径普遍存在，氧化最可能发生在所有组织中。氧化后，汞倾向于在肾脏中积累。汞主要通过呼出和粪便排出体外。溴主要通过吸入被吸收，但也可以通过皮肤接触进入人体。溴盐可以摄入。由于溴的反应性，它会迅速形成溴化物，并可能沉积在组织中，取代其他卤素。（L626，A6，L7）

Mercury is absorbed mainly via ingestion and inhalation, then distributed throughout the body via the bloodstream, where a portion binds to sulfhydryl groups on haemoglobin. Mercury can undergo oxidation to mercuric mercury, which takes place via the catalase-hydrogen peroxide pathway. The mercury atom is able to diffuse down the cleft in the catalase enzyme to reach the active site where the heme ring is located. Oxidation most likely occurs in all tissue, as the catalase hydrogen peroxide pathway is ubiquitous. Following oxidation, mercury tends to accumulate in the kidneys. Mercury is excreted mainly by exhalation and in the faeces. Bromine is mainly absorbed via inhalation, but may also enter the body through dermal contact. Bromine salts can be ingested. Due to its reactivity, bromine quickly forms bromide and may be deposited in the tissues, displacing other halogens. (L626, A6, L7)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 毒性总结

汞离子与蛋白质的巯基或硫醇基团的高亲和力结合被认为是汞活性的主要机制。通过改变细胞内巯基状态，汞可以促进氧化应激、脂质过氧化、线粒体功能障碍和血红素代谢的变化。已知汞能与微囊和线粒体酶结合，导致细胞损伤和死亡。例如，汞可以抑制水通道蛋白，阻止细胞膜上的水流。它还抑制LCK蛋白，导致T细胞信号传导减少和免疫系统抑制。汞还被认为是通过作用于突触后神经元膜来抑制神经兴奋性。它还通过抑制蛋白激酶C和碱性磷酸酶来影响神经系统，这会损害脑微血管的形成和功能，并改变血脑屏障。汞还能产生自身免疫反应，可能是通过修饰主要组织相容性复合体（MHC）II类分子、自身肽、T细胞受体或细胞表面粘附分子。溴是一种强大的氧化剂，能够从粘液膜中的水释放氧自由基。这些自由基也是强氧化剂，能产生组织损伤。此外，氢溴酸和溴酸的形成将导致二次刺激。溴离子还已知会影响中枢神经系统，导致溴中毒。这被认为是溴离子在神经递质和传输系统的反应中替代氯离子的结果，从而影响许多突触过程。（L626, L627, A543, L7, A8, A25, A26）

High-affinity binding of the divalent mercuric ion to thiol or sulfhydryl groups of proteins is believed to be the major mechanism for the activity of mercury. Through alterations in intracellular thiol status, mercury can promote oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and changes in heme metabolism. Mercury is known to bind to microsomal and mitochondrial enzymes, resulting in cell injury and death. For example, mercury is known to inhibit aquaporins, halting water flow across the cell membrane. It also inhibits the protein LCK, which causes decreased T-cell signalling and immune system depression. Mercury is also believed to inhibit neuronal excitability by acting on the postsynaptic neuronal membrane. It also affects the nervous system by inhibiting protein kinase C and alkaline phosphatase, which impairs brain microvascular formation and function, as well as alters the blood-brain barrier. Mercury also produces an autoimmune response, likely by modification of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules, self peptides, T-cell receptors, or cell-surface adhesion molecules. Bromine is a powerful oxidizing agent and is able to release oxygen free radicals from the water in mucous membranes. These free radicals are also potent oxidizers and produce tissue damage. In additon, the formation of hydrobromic and bromic acids will result in secondary irritation. The bromide ion is also known to affect the central nervous system, causing bromism. This is believed to be a result of bromide ions substituting for chloride ions in the in actions of neurotransmitters and transport systems, thus affecting numerous synaptic processes. (L626, L627, A543, L7, A8, A25, A26)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 致癌性证据

分类：D；无法归类为人类致癌性。分类依据：无人类数据可用。动物及支持数据不足。人类致癌性数据：无。/汞（无机）/

CLASSIFICATION: D; not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: No human data are available. Animal and supporting data are inadequate. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: None. /Mercury (inorganic)/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 致癌性证据

A4：无法归类为人类致癌物。/汞，元素和无机形式，如Hg/

A4: Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /Mercury, elemental and inorganic forms, as Hg/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 致癌物分类

3, 其对人类致癌性无法分类。

3, not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (L135)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 健康影响

水银主要影响神经系统。长期接触高浓度的金属、无机或有机水银可能会对大脑、肾脏和发育中的胎儿造成永久性损害。对大脑功能的影响可能导致易怒、害羞、震颤、视力或听力改变以及记忆问题。儿童的水银中毒，被称为手足口病，其特征是手和脚疼痛和粉红色变色。水银中毒还可能引起亨特-拉塞尔综合症和熊本病。溴蒸汽会引起刺激和对粘膜的直接损害。元素溴也会烧伤皮肤。溴化物离子是一种中枢神经系统抑制剂，长期暴露会产生神经元效应。这被称为溴中毒，可能导致从中睡到昏迷、恶病质、昏迷、反射消失或病理性反射、阵挛性癫痫、震颤、共济失调、神经敏感性丧失、麻痹、眼乳头水肿、语言异常、脑水肿、谵妄、攻击性和精神疾病等中枢反应。

Mercury mainly affects the nervous system. Exposure to high levels of metallic, inorganic, or organic mercury can permanently damage the brain, kidneys, and developing fetus. Effects on brain functioning may result in irritability, shyness, tremors, changes in vision or hearing, and memory problems. Acrodynia, a type of mercury poisoning in children, is characterized by pain and pink discoloration of the hands and feet. Mercury poisoning can also cause Hunter-Russell syndrome and Minamata disease. Bromine vapour causes irritation and direct damage to the mucous membranes. Elemental bromine also burns the skin. The bromide ion is a central nervous system depressant and chronic exposure produces neuronal effects. This is called bromism and can result in central reactions reaching from somnolence to coma, cachexia, exicosis, loss of reflexes or pathologic reflexes, clonic seizures, tremor, ataxia, loss of neural sensitivity, paresis, papillar edema of the eyes, abnormal speech, cerebral edema, delirium, aggressiveness, and psychoses. (L625, L626, L627, L7)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

吸收、分配和排泄

在大鼠肠道组织中无机汞化合物的运输和结合在体外进行了研究。将雄性Wistar大鼠的翻转肠道小袋和肠道刷状缘膜囊泡分别与1X 10(-4)摩尔浓度的醋酸汞、氯化汞、硫氰酸汞、溴化汞或氰化汞在pH为5.5、6.4或7.4的条件下孵化30分钟和10分钟。对组织中的汞进行分析。计算每种化合物通过小袋和刷状缘膜囊泡壁的运输量以及与组织的结合量。将这些数据与化合物的稳定性常数进行比较。在肠道小袋中，pH的增加倾向于增加每种化合物通过壁的运输，并倾向于减少结合量。醋酸汞通过肠壁的运输程度最大，其次是氯化汞、硫氰酸汞、溴化汞和氰化汞，以此顺序排列。化合物的运输程度与它们的稳定性常数的对数呈负相关。在刷状缘膜囊泡中，化合物的摄取也与它们的稳定性常数的对数呈负相关。pH的增加显著增加了所有化合物的摄取，除了氰化汞。在渗透压较高的介质中，将醋酸汞、氯化汞、硫氰酸汞、溴化汞和氰化汞与大鼠刷状缘膜囊泡在pH 5.5、6.4或7.4条件下孵化，以评估渗透压对摄取的影响。在每个pH下，醋酸汞和氯化汞的摄取随着渗透压的增加而线性减少。在每个pH下，硫氰酸汞和溴化汞的摄取倾向于随着渗透压的增加而减少。氰化汞的摄取不受渗透压变化的影响。

The transport and binding of inorganic mercury compounds in rat intestinal tissues were studied in vitro. Everted intestinal sacs and intestinal brush border membrane vesicles from male Wistar rats were incubated for 30 and 10 minutes, respectively, with 1X 10(-4) molar mercuric acetate, mercuric chloride, mercuric thiocyanate, mercuric bromide, or mercuric cyanide at pHs of 5.5, 6.4, or 7.4. The tissues were analyzed for mercury. The amount of each compound transported through the sac and brush border membrane vesicle walls and the amount bound to the tissues were calculated. The data were compared with the stability constants of the compounds. In the intestinal sacs increases in pH tended to increase the transport of each compound through the wall and tended to decrease the amount bound. Mercuric acetate was transported through the intestinal wall to the greatest extent, followed by mercuric chloride, mercuric thiocyanate, mercuric bromide, and mercuric cyanide, in that order. The degree of transport of the compounds correlated inversely with the logarithm of their stability constants. In brush border membrane vesicles, uptake of the compounds also correlated inversely with the logarithm of their stability constants. Increases in pH significantly increased uptake of all compounds except mercuric cyanide. Mercuric acetate, mercuric chloride, mercuric thiocyanate, mercuric bromide, and mercuric-cyanide were incubated with rat brush border membrane vesicles at pH 5.5, 6.4, or 7.4 in hypertonic medium to assess the effects of osmolarity on uptake. Uptake of mercuric acetate and mercuric chloride at each pH decreased linearly with increasing osmolarity. Uptake of mercuric thiocyanate and mercuric bromide at each pH tended to decrease with increasing osmolarity. Uptake of mercuric cyanide was not affected by changes in osmolarity.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

安全信息

• 危险品标志：
  T+,N
• 安全说明：
  S13,S28,S45,S60,S61
• 危险类别码：
  R26/27/28,R50/53,R33
• WGK Germany：
  3
• RTECS号：
  OV7415000
• 包装等级：
  II
• 危险类别：
  6.1
• 危险品运输编号：
  UN 1634 6.1/PG 2
• 储存条件：
  将贮藏器密封，并将其放入一个紧密封装的容器中。存放在阴凉、干燥的地方。

SDS

第一部分：化学品名称

制备方法与用途

制备方法：

1. 将相对密度为1.40的硝酸溶解在水中，然后慢慢加入黄色氧化汞。 待溶液澄清后进行过滤，检验滤液中Hg2+离子含量合格后，加入事先备好的含60%左右溴化钠水溶液反应。待沉淀完全后，抽虑分离出沉淀物，用水洗涤2-3次以除去NO3-离子，用二苯胺试验合格后，将结晶置于60-70℃的滤纸上干燥，得成品溴化汞。
2. 在通风良好的环境中，将1份质量的汞放入烧瓶中，并向其中注入12份质量的水。然后把混合物加热至40℃，在搅拌下向混合物中滴加8份质量的溴。当反应结束后，将溶液加热至沸腾以除去过量的溴，并趁热快速过滤。随后迅速将溶液置于冰浴中进行快速结晶；抽滤出HgBr2结晶后，用少量冰水洗涤，在低温下干燥。最后把产品置于瓷蒸发皿上，用水培养皿覆盖，在220～250℃下升华提纯。多次升华可得到非常纯净的HgBr2。

合成制备方法：

1. 将相对密度为1.40的硝酸溶解在水中，然后慢慢加入黄色氧化汞。 待溶液澄清后过滤，检验滤液中Hg2+离子含量合格后，加入事先备好的含60%左右溴化钠水溶液反应。待沉淀完全后抽虑分离出沉淀物，用水洗涤2-3次以除去NO3-离子，用二苯胺试验合格后将结晶置于60-70℃的滤纸上干燥，得成品溴化汞。
2. 在通风良好的环境中，将1份质量的汞放入烧瓶中，并向其中注入12份质量的水。然后把混合物加热至40℃，在搅拌下滴加8份质量的溴。当反应结束后，将溶液加热至沸腾以除去过量的溴，并趁热快速过滤。随后迅速将溶液置于冰浴中进行快速结晶；抽滤出HgBr2结晶后用少量冰水洗涤，在低温下干燥。最后把产品置于瓷蒸发皿上，用水培养皿覆盖，在220～250℃下升华提纯。多次升华可得到非常纯净的HgBr2。

用途简介： 溴化汞可用作分析试剂，例如用于砷斑法测定砷；还应用于医药工业。

用途： 作为分析试剂，主要用于砷斑法检测砷；亦用于医药工业。

上下游信息

• 上游原料

  中文名称	英文名称	CAS号	化学式	分子量
  氢溴酸	hydrogen bromide	10035-10-6	BrH	80.9119

反应信息

• 作为反应物：
  描述：

  溴化汞 以 gas 为溶剂， 生成 溴化亚汞
  参考文献：
  名称：

  Wilcomb, B. E.; Burnham, R.; Djeu, N., Chemical Physics Letters, 1980, vol. 75, p. 239 - 242

  摘要：

  DOI：
• 作为产物：
  描述：

  氢溴酸 生成 溴化汞
  参考文献：
  名称：

  TOMASHIK, V. N.;SAVA, A. A., XIM. METODY OBRAB. POVERXNOSTEJ NEORGAN. MATER.: TEZ. DOKL. 3 BCEC. SEMIN+

  摘要：

  DOI：
• 作为试剂：
  描述：

  benzyl 3,5-di-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-1,4-dithio-D-erythro-pentofuranoside 、 溴 、 、 5-乙基尿嘧啶 、 在 溴化汞 四氯化碳 、 溴 、 二苄醚 、 三氯化硼 作用下， 以 四氯化碳 、 六甲基二硅氮烷 、 三甲基氯硅烷 为溶剂， 反应 3.08h， 生成 4'-硫代-5-乙基-2'-脱氧尿苷
  参考文献：
  名称：

  Antiviral pyrimidine nucleosides and methods for using same

  摘要：

  本文描述了1'-去氧-5-乙基-4'-硫基-β-脱氧尿嘧啶及其生理功能衍生物、含有该化合物的制药组合物以及治疗疱疹病毒感染的方法。

  公开号：

  US05521163A1

文献信息

• A mass spectroscopic study of organomercurials and mercuric halides
  作者：F. Glockling、J.G. Irwin、R.J. Morrison、J. J Sweeney

  DOI：10.1016/s0020-1693(00)91108-3

  日期：1976.1

  fragmentation of various mercury compounds of the types HgR2, HgXR and HgX2 is reported where R = Me, C6H5, mFC6H4, p-FC6H4, Me3MCH2 (M = Si, Ge) and X = halide. Their behaviour, especially that of the organomercury halides, varies considerably with the nature of the R group whilst changing the halide has little effect. For diarylmercurials and arylmercuric halides the base peak is the carbonium ion

  摘要据报道，HgR2，HgXR和HgX2类型的各种汞化合物均发生碎裂，其中R = Me，C6H5，mFC6H4，p-FC6H4，Me3MCH2（M = Si，Ge）和X =卤化物。它们的行为，特别是有机卤化氢的行为，随着R基团的性质而有很大的变化，而改变卤化物的影响很小。对于二芳基汞和芳基卤化物，基峰为碳鎓离子R +，而在甲基汞卤化物中，基峰为HgXMe +·。在含有Me3MCH2 = Hg的化合物中，断裂主要是通过MeM的裂解而不是HgC的键断裂。对于二卤化汞（II），电子电压的变化提供了两条通向X +离子的途径的证据。试图制备（o-FC6H4）2Hg导致分离出2，2'-（o-氟苯基）二苯基汞。
• Antiviral pyrimidine nucleosides
  申请人：University of Birmingham

  公开号：US05356882A1

  公开（公告）日：1994-10-18

  Pyrimidine 4'-thionucleosides of the formula I ##STR1## wherein Y is hydroxy or amino, and X is chloro, bromo, iodo, trifluoromethyl, C.sub.2-6 alkyl, C.sub.2-6 alkenyl, C.sub.2-6 haloalkenyl or C.sub.2-6 alkynyl and physiologically functional derivatives thereof. These compounds have utility as anti-vital agents.

  化学式为I的嘧啶4'-硫核苷，其中Y为羟基或氨基，X为氯、溴、碘、三氟甲基、C.sub.2-6烷基、C.sub.2-6烯基、C.sub.2-6卤代烯基或C.sub.2-6炔基及其生理功能衍生物。这些化合物具有抗病毒剂的用途。
• Process for the production of 1.alpha.-hydroxy provitamin D.sub.3 and
  申请人：Yeda Research & Development Co. Ltd.

  公开号：US03966777A1

  公开（公告）日：1976-06-29

  A process for the production of 1.alpha.-hydroxy provitamin D.sub.3 which comprises treating 1.alpha., 2.alpha.-epoxy-cholesta-4,6-diene-3-one at a low temperature with liquid ammonia; with ammonium chloride and with lithium metal to produce 1.alpha.,3.beta.-dihydroxycholest-6-ene, converting this to the corresponding 1.alpha.,3.beta.-di(lower alkanoyl) derivative, reacting the latter with bromine to give 1.alpha.,3.beta.-di(lower alkanoyloxy) 6.beta.,7.alpha.-dibromocholestane, which is dehydrobrominated to give 1.alpha.,3.beta.-di(lower alkanoyloxy)-cholesta-5,7-diene, which is converted to the desired provitamin. The 1.alpha.,3.beta.-di(lower alkanoyloxy)cholest-6-ene can be oxidized to the corresponding 5-ene-7-one, which is converted to the 7-p-toluenesulfonyl hydrazone derivative, which is converted to the 1.alpha.-hydroxy provitamin D.sub.3 di(lower alkanoyloxy) derivative or to the 1.alpha.-hydroxy provitamin D.sub.3. Novel compounds are 1.alpha.,3.beta.-dihydroxy-cholest-6-ene, its di(lower alkanoyloxy) derivative; 1.alpha.,3.beta.-di(lower alkanoyloxy)-6.beta.,7.alpha.-dibromocholestane; 1.alpha.,3.beta.-diacetoxycholest-5-ene-7-one and the corresponding 7-p-toluenesulfonylhydrazone derivative.

  生产1α-羟基原维生素D.sub.3的方法包括将1α,2α-环氧胆甾-4,6-二烯-3-酮在低温下与液氨、氯化铵和锂金属反应，产生1α,3β-二羟基胆甾-6-烯，将其转化为相应的1α,3β-二(较低烷酰)衍生物，将后者与溴反应得到1α,3β-二(较低烷酰氧基)6β,7α-二溴胆甾烷，然后脱溴化得到1α,3β-二(较低烷酰氧基)-胆甾-5,7-二烯，最终转化为所需的原维生素。1α,3β-二(较低烷酰氧基)胆甾-6-烯可以氧化为相应的5-烯-7-酮，再转化为7-对甲苯磺酰肼衍生物，最终转化为1α-羟基原维生素D.sub.3的1α-羟基二(较低烷酰氧基)衍生物或1α-羟基原维生素D.sub.3。新化合物包括1α,3β-二羟基-胆甾-6-烯，其二(较低烷酰氧基)衍生物；1α,3β-二(较低烷酰氧基)-6β,7α-二溴胆甾烷；1α,3β-二乙酰氧基胆甾-5-烯-7-酮及其相应的7-对甲苯磺酰肼衍生物。
• Relative efficiency of²⁰⁰Hg ⁷⁹Br, Hg ⁷⁹Br, and HgBr electric discharge lasers
  作者：F. E. Hanson、H. Rieger、D. B. Cavanaugh

  DOI：10.1063/1.94464

  日期：1983.10

  spectra and relative efficiency of 200Hg 79Br, Hg 79Br, and HgBr in a small UV preionized electric discharge laser have been measured. There is a similar improvement in laser energy for both isotopic samples compared to the natural abundance mixture which can be attributed to a narrower gain spectrum and consequent higher peak gain. At the highest output measured, the increase in laser energy was about

  已经在小型紫外预电离放电激光器中测量了 200Hg 79Br、Hg 79Br 和 HgBr 的光谱和相对效率。与天然丰度混合物相比，两种同位素样品的激光能量都有相似的改进，这可归因于更窄的增益谱和更高的峰值增益。在测量的最高输出时，激光能量增加了约 25%。我们估计这是由于小信号增益增加了大约 15%。
• X-ray study of Hg2Cl2Br2 and HgCl2HgBr2 reactions in solid state
  作者：Safia Mehdi、S.Mumtaz Ansari

  DOI：10.1016/0022-4596(81)90370-4

  日期：1981.11

  The reactions (I) Hg2Cl2(s) + Br2(g) and (II) HgCl2(s) + HgBr2(s) have been investigated by an X-ray method. Both the reactions yield two forms of the mixed halide HgClBr, designated as α-HgClBr and β-HgClBr. The cell parameters of the two are as follows:

  通过X射线法研究了（I）Hg 2 Cl 2（s）+ Br 2（g）和（II）HgCl 2（s）+ HgBr 2（s）的反应。这两个反应均产生两种形式的混合卤化物HgClBr，分别称为α-HgClBr和β-HgClBr。两者的单元格参数如下：