February asthma outbreaks in NSW: a case control study
摘要:
Objectives: To investigate individual factors associated with an asthma outbreak among children aged one to 14 years in Sydney in February 1999. Methods: A case control study was undertaken with cases (n=92) defined as all children admitted to Sydney Children's Hospital for asthma in February 1999. Unmatched controls (n=76) were all children admitted for asthma in the previous three months. We obtained information by a structured telephone survey of parents. Logistic regression analyses were used to determine odds ratios for risk factors for hospital admission. Results: Mean age for hospital admission of 4.7 years for cases and 4.4 years for controls. The presence of one or more siblings reduced the risk of admission during an asthma outbreak (OR=0.59, 95% Cl 0.37 to 0.93). Children with older siblings aged 10 to 14 years were also less likely to be admitted (OR=0.3, 95% Cl 0.12 to 0.74). An age effect was observed. Other demographic, clinical and environmental characteristics, including smoking, were not associated with admission during the outbreak. Conclusions: The main findings of this study are the protective effect of siblings and an age-dependent effect in risk of hospital admission during an asthma outbreak. These findings are consistent with an infective cause of the outbreak. Implications: Children without siblings, particularly older siblings, appear to be at highest risk of hospital admission during an asthma outbreak. Environmental and other factors need to be examined to further explain the episodicity of such outbreaks and to determine means of predicting and preventing future episodes.
February asthma outbreaks in NSW: a case control study
摘要:
Objectives: To investigate individual factors associated with an asthma outbreak among children aged one to 14 years in Sydney in February 1999. Methods: A case control study was undertaken with cases (n=92) defined as all children admitted to Sydney Children's Hospital for asthma in February 1999. Unmatched controls (n=76) were all children admitted for asthma in the previous three months. We obtained information by a structured telephone survey of parents. Logistic regression analyses were used to determine odds ratios for risk factors for hospital admission. Results: Mean age for hospital admission of 4.7 years for cases and 4.4 years for controls. The presence of one or more siblings reduced the risk of admission during an asthma outbreak (OR=0.59, 95% Cl 0.37 to 0.93). Children with older siblings aged 10 to 14 years were also less likely to be admitted (OR=0.3, 95% Cl 0.12 to 0.74). An age effect was observed. Other demographic, clinical and environmental characteristics, including smoking, were not associated with admission during the outbreak. Conclusions: The main findings of this study are the protective effect of siblings and an age-dependent effect in risk of hospital admission during an asthma outbreak. These findings are consistent with an infective cause of the outbreak. Implications: Children without siblings, particularly older siblings, appear to be at highest risk of hospital admission during an asthma outbreak. Environmental and other factors need to be examined to further explain the episodicity of such outbreaks and to determine means of predicting and preventing future episodes.
Brønsted Acid‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Iodocycloetherification Enabled by Triphenylphosphine Selenide Cocatalysis
作者:Sudip Guria、Constantin G. Daniliuc、Ulrich Hennecke
DOI:10.1002/adsc.202100605
日期:2021.8.3
Enantioselective iodocycloetherifications can be conducted using sterically highly demanding BINOL-based phosphoric acid diesters as catalyst. To achieve highly enantioselectivereactions, cocatalysis by triphenylphosphine selenide is necessary. With cocatalysis, good to excellent enantioselectivities can be achieved for a broad range of substrates using catalyst and cocatalyst loadings as low as 1 mol %
Fluorenylhydroxamic acids isomeric with the carcinogens N-fluoren-2-ylacetohydroxamic acid. Part I. Synthesis of N-fluoren-1-yl-, N-fluoren-3-yl-, and N-fluoren-4-ylacetohydroxamic acid
作者:Yul Yost、H. R. Gutmann
DOI:10.1039/j39690000345
日期:——
Three new fluorenylhydroxamicacidsisomeric with the carcinogenN-fluoren-2-ylacetohydroxamicacid have been synthesized by partial catalytic reduction of the corresponding nitrofluorenes, prepared in turn by oxidation of the respective fluorenamines with peroxymaleic acid. A route to N([1-14C]fluoren-1-yl)acetamide and -acetohydroxamic acid by aromatization of the oxime of 3,4-dihydrofluoren-1 (2H)-one
Diastereoselective Synthesis of CF<sub>3</sub>- and CF<sub>2</sub>H-Substituted Spiroethers from Aryl-Fused Cycloalkenylalkanols by Photoredox Catalysis
作者:Naoki Noto、Takashi Koike、Munetaka Akita
DOI:10.1021/acs.joc.6b00953
日期:2016.8.19
Simple synthesis of CF3- and CF2H-spiroethers from aryl-fused cycloalkenylalkanols by photoredox catalysis has been developed. Modification of the fluoromethylating reagents and the photoredox catalysts leads to both CF3- and CF2H-spiroetherification. The present photocatalytic system allows us to access a variety of new anti-fluoromethylated spiroethers in a highly selective manner.