Structure-Activity Relationship of Synthetic 2-Phenylnaphthalenes with Hydroxyl Groups that Inhibit Proliferation and Induce Apoptosis of MCF-7 Cancer Cells
作者:Chi-Fen Chang、Ci-Yi Ke、Yang-Chang Wu、Ta-Hsien Chuang
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0141184
日期:——
In this study, six 2-phenylnaphthalenes with hydroxyl groups were synthesized in high yields by the demethylation of the corresponding methoxy-2-phenylnaphthalenes, and one 2-phenylnaphthalene with an amino group was obtained by hydrogenation. All of the 2-phenylnaphthalene derivatives were evaluated for cytotoxicity, and the structure-activity relationship (SAR) against human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells was also determined. The SAR results revealed that cytotoxicity was markedly promoted by the hydroxyl group at the C-7 position of the naphthalene ring. The introduction of hydroxyl groups at the C-6 position of the naphthalene ring and the C-4' position of the phenyl ring fairly enhanced cytotoxicity, but the introduction of a hydroxyl group at the C-3' position of the phenyl ring slightly decreased cytotoxicity. Overall, 6,7-dihydroxy-2-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)naphthalene (PNAP-6h) exhibited the best cytotoxicity, with an IC50 value of 4.8 μM against the MCF-7 cell line, and showed low toxicity toward normal human mammary epithelial cells (MCF-10A). PNAP-6h led to cell arrest at the S phase, most likely due to increasing levels of p21 and p27 and decreasing levels of cyclin D1, CDK4, cyclin E, and CDK2. In addition, PNAP-6h decreased CDK1 and cyclin B1 expression, most likely leading to G2/M arrest, and induced morphological changes, such as nuclear shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, and nuclear hypercondensation, as observed by Hoechst 33342 staining. PNAP-6h induced apoptosis, most likely by the promotion of Fas expression, increased PARP activity, caspase-7, caspase-8, and caspase-9 expression, the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and the phosphorylation of p38, and decreased the phosphorylation of ERK. This study provides the first demonstration of the cytotoxicity of PNAPs against MCF-7 cells and elucidates the mechanism underlying PNAP-induced cytotoxicity.
本研究通过相应的甲氧基-2-苯基萘的去甲基化高产率合成了六种带有羟基的2-苯基萘,并通过氢化得到了一种带有氨基的2-苯基萘。评估了所有 2-苯基萘衍生物的细胞毒性,并测定了针对人乳腺癌 (MCF-7) 细胞的构效关系 (SAR)。 SAR结果表明,萘环C-7位上的羟基显着增强了细胞毒性。萘环C-6位和苯环C-4'位羟基的引入相当增强了细胞毒性,但苯环C-3'位羟基的引入略有降低细胞毒性。总体而言,6,7-二羟基-2-(4'-羟苯基)萘(PNAP-6h)表现出最好的细胞毒性,对MCF-7细胞系的IC50值为4.8 μM,对正常人乳腺表现出较低的毒性上皮细胞(MCF-10A)。 PNAP-6h 导致细胞停滞在 S 期,很可能是由于 p21 和 p27 水平增加以及细胞周期蛋白 D1、CDK4、细胞周期蛋白 E 和 CDK2 水平降低。此外,PNAP-6h 降低了 CDK1 和细胞周期蛋白 B1 的表达,很可能导致 G2/M 期停滞,并诱导形态学变化,如核收缩、核碎裂和核高浓缩,如 Hoechst 33342 染色所观察到的。 PNAP-6h 诱导细胞凋亡,最有可能是通过促进 Fas 表达、增加 PARP 活性、caspase-7、caspase-8 和 caspase-9 表达、Bax/Bcl-2 比率和 p38 磷酸化,并降低ERK 磷酸化。这项研究首次证明了 PNAP 对 MCF-7 细胞的细胞毒性,并阐明了 PNAP 诱导细胞毒性的机制。