Characterization of d-boroAla as a Novel Broad-Spectrum Antibacterial Agent Targeting d-Ala-d-Ala Ligase
作者:Sandeep Putty、Aman Rai、Darshan Jamindar、Paul Pagano、Cheryl L. Quinn、Takehiko Mima、Herbert P. Schweizer、William G. Gutheil
DOI:10.1111/j.1747-0285.2011.01210.x
日期:2011.11
d‐boroAla was previously characterized as an inhibitor of bacterial alanine racemase and d‐Ala‐d‐Ala ligase enzymes (Biochemistry, 28, 1989, 3541). In this study, d‐boroAla was identified and characterized as an antibacterial agent. d‐boroAla has activity against both Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative organisms, with minimal inhibitory concentrations down to 8 μg / mL. A structure–function study on the alkyl side chain (NH2‐CHR‐B(OR’)2) revealed that d‐boroAla is the most effective agent in a series including boroGly, d‐boroHomoAla, and d‐boroVal. l‐boroAla was much less active, and N‐acetylation completely abolished activity. An LC‐MS / MS assay was used to demonstrate that d‐boroAla exerts its antibacterial activity by inhibition of d‐Ala‐d‐Ala ligase. d‐boroAla is bactericidal at 1× minimal inhibitory concentration against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, which each encode one copy of d‐Ala‐d‐Ala ligase, and at 4× minimal inhibitory concentration against Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, which each encode two copies of d‐Ala‐d‐Ala ligase. d‐boroAla demonstrated a frequency of resistance of 8 × 10−8 at 4× minimal inhibitory concentration in S. aureus. These results demonstrate that d‐boroAla has promising antibacterial activity and could serve as the lead agent in a new class of d‐Ala‐d‐Ala ligase targeted antibacterial agents. This study also demonstrates d‐boroAla as a possible probe for d‐Ala‐d‐Ala ligase function.