Palladium-Catalyzed C−CN Activation for Intramolecular Cyanoesterification of Alkynes
摘要:
Conditions for the C-CN activation and intramolecular cyanoesterification of alkynes to provide butenolides in good to excellent yields are presented. Pd catalysts, high temperatures/short reaction times (microwave irradiation), and Lewis basic solvents minimized competitive decarbonylation. Less sterically encumbered, electron-rich alkynes underwent cyanoesterification with greater ease compared to sterically encumbered, electron-deficient alkynes. The results led to the hypothesis that migratory insertion of the alkyne, rather than C-CN activation, might be the product-determining step.
Quantitative Evaluation of the Stability of <i>gem</i>-Diaurated Species in Reactions with Nucleophiles
作者:Alexander Zhdanko、Martin E. Maier
DOI:10.1021/om400083f
日期:2013.3.25
The reactivity of diaurated species toward nucleophiles was investigated. The reaction yields vinyl gold species and is described as simple S(N)2 ligand exchange at gold. Using suitably strong nucleophiles, equilibrium constants were determined to measure the stability of various diaurated species. On the basis of these equilibrium constants the influence of ligand and the nature of vinyl cores on the stability were analyzed. These results have direct implication for gold catalysis: it was demonstrated that vinyl gold intermediates bind the catalytic LAu+ species generally stronger than an alkyne (the substrate) by a factor of 10(6)-10(9). This demonstrates that the formation of diaurated species from vinyl gold intermediates is thermodynamically favored in a catalytic reaction.