Mercuric chloride appears as an odorless white crystalline solid. Density 5.4 g / cm3. Melting point 277°C. Slightly volatile at ordinary temperatures. Can be sublimed unchanged. Corrosive to the mucous membranes. Toxic by inhalation (dusts, etc.), ingestion, and skin absorption. Used in photography, disinfectants, wood preservatives, fungicides.
颜色/状态：
Colorless rhombic crystals or white powder
气味：
Odorless
溶解度：
Soluble in ethyl alcohol (34% at 31 °C), amyl alcohol (~10% at 30 °C), and methyl alcohol (53% at 36 °C). It is also soluble in formic acid, the lower acetate esters, and other polar organic solvents.
STUDIES INDICATED THAT LIVERS OF YELLOWFIN TUNA AND ALBACORE HAVE HIGH ACTIVITY IN FORMATION OF METHYLMERCURY FROM HGCL2. THIS ACTIVITY ... NOT FOUND IN THE MEAT. WHEN LIVER-HGCL2 MIXTURES WERE EXPOSED TO VISIBLE LIGHT DURING INCUBATION, FORMATION OF METHYL MERCURY WAS REDUCED BY ABOUT 75%.
Mercury is absorbed mainly via ingestion and inhalation, then distributed throughout the body via the bloodstream, where a portion binds to sulfhydryl groups on haemoglobin. Mercury can undergo oxidation to mercuric mercury, which takes place via the catalase-hydrogen peroxide pathway. The mercury atom is able to diffuse down the cleft in the catalase enzyme to reach the active site where the heme ring is located. Oxidation most likely occurs in all tissue, as the catalase hydrogen peroxide pathway is ubiquitous. Following oxidation, mercury tends to accumulate in the kidneys. Mercury is excreted mainly by exhalation and in the faeces. (A6, L7)
High-affinity binding of the divalent mercuric ion to thiol or sulfhydryl groups of proteins is believed to be the major mechanism for the activity of mercury. Through alterations in intracellular thiol status, mercury can promote oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and changes in heme metabolism. Mercury is known to bind to microsomal and mitochondrial enzymes, resulting in cell injury and death. For example, mercury is known to inhibit aquaporins, halting water flow across the cell membrane. It also inhibits the protein LCK, which causes decreased T-cell signalling and immune system depression. Mercury is also believed to inhibit neuronal excitability by acting on the postsynaptic neuronal membrane. It also affects the nervous system by inhibiting protein kinase C and alkaline phosphatase, which impairs brain microvascular formation and function, as well as alters the blood-brain barrier. Mercury also produces an autoimmune response, likely by modification of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules, self peptides, T-cell receptors, or cell-surface adhesion molecules. (L7, A8, A25, A26)
CLASSIFICATION: C; possible human carcinogen. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Based on the absence of data in humans and limited evidence of carcinogenicity in rats and mice. Focal papillary hyperplasia and squamous cell papillomas in the forestomach as well as thyroid follicular cell adenomas and carcinomas were observed in male rats gavaged with mercuric chloride for 2 years. The relevance of the forestomach papillomas to assessment of cancer in humans is questionable because no evidence indicated that the papillomas progressed to malignancy. The relevance of the increase in thyroid tumors has also been questioned because these tumors are generally considered to be secondary to hyperplasia; this effect was not observed in the high-dose males. It should also be noted that the authors considered the doses used in the study to exceed the MTD for male rats. In the same study, evidence for increases in squamous cell papillomas in the forestomach of female rats was equivocal. In a second study, equivocal evidence for renal adenomas and adenocarcinomas was observed in male mice; there was a significant positive trend. This tumor type is rare in mice, and the increase in incidence was statistically significant when compared with historic controls. Two other nonpositive lifetime rodent studies were considered inadequate. Mercuric chloride showed mixed results in a number of genotoxicity assays. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: None. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Limited.
Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of mercury and mercury compounds. There is inadequate evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of metallic mercury. There is limited evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of mercuric chloride. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of methylmercury chloride. In making the overall evaluation, the Working Group took into account evidence that methylmercury compounds are similar with regard to absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, genotoxicity and other forms of toxicity. Overall evaluation: Methylmercury compounds are possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). Metallic mercury and inorganic mercury compounds are not classifiable as to their carcinogenicity to humans. (Group 3). /Mercury and mercury compounds/
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
致癌性证据
A4：无法归类为人类致癌物。/汞，元素和无机形式，如Hg/
A4: Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /Mercury, elemental and inorganic forms, as Hg/
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
3, 其对人类致癌性无法分类。
3, not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (L135)
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE LOCALIZATION OF HG FROM HGCL2 ... FOLLOWING SC ADMIN IN RABBIT SHOWED HG TO ACCUMULATE IN ... COLLECTING TUBULES, THE DISTAL PORTIONS OF PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULES & THE WIDE PARTS OF HENLE'S LOOP. NO HG ... IN GLOMERULI ...
KINETIC STUDIES OF MERCURIC CHLORIDE INDICATED THAT MERCURY WAS CONTAINED IN 3 COMPARTMENTS OF SHORT, MEDIUM & LONG RETENTION TIME WITHIN RAT. KIDNEYS WERE LARGEST COMPARTMENT FOR MERCURY & KIDNEY RETENTION PROBABLY ACCOUNTED FOR LONG-TERM COMPARTMENT.
DATA ... INDICATE THAT LESS THAN 10% OF INGESTED MERCURIC CHLORIDE IS ABSORBED. UPON HIGH INTAKE CORROSIVE ACTION ... MAY ALTER PERMEABILITY OF GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT ENHANCING ABSORPTION.
SMIRNOV, V. A.;KOPETSKIJ, CH. V.;REDKIN, A. N., VYSOKOCHIST. VESHCHESTVA,(1988) N 1, 48-54
摘要：
DOI：
作为试剂：
描述：
4-(4-甲氧基-3-甲基苯基)-4-氧代丁酸 、 4-Methoxy-3-methylphenyl-4-oxobutyric acid 在
锌 、 盐酸 、 水 、 氯化汞(II) 、 甲苯 、 乙醚 、 Brine 、 magnesium sulfate 作用下，
以
盐酸 为溶剂，
反应 27.12h，
以to give 10.7 g (98%) of the title compound as a light yellow solid的产率得到4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)butyric acid
参考文献：
名称：
Amines substituted with a dihydronaphthalenyl, chromenyl, or thiochromenyl group, an aryl or heteroaryl group and an alkyl group, having retinoid-like biological activity
