... AN AVG AMT OF 90% OF IV INJECTED GERMANIUM OXIDE WAS EXCRETED IN URINE OF DOGS WITHIN 72 HR, & 75% IN THAT OF RABBITS, AN AVG OF 9% BEING EXCRETED IN FECES DURING THAT TIME. FROM THESE RESULTS IT IS APPARENT THAT GERMANIUM ... IS NOT INCORPORATED IN BODY ... .
Neurotoxin - Sensorimotor
Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.
Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.
来源:Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases
毒理性
毒性数据
LC50 (大鼠) > 1,420 毫克/立方米/4小时
LC50 (rat) > 1,420 mg/m3/4h
来源:Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases
One effect which may have human relevance is the profound ability of germanium to disturb water balance when high exposure levels are expected. This leads to hemoconcentration, a fall in blood pressure, and hypothermia. /Germanium/
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
人类毒性摘录
二氧化锗会迅速排出体外，在适度大剂量的吸入实验中没有产生损害。
GERMANIUM DIOXIDE IS RAPIDLY EXCRETED & IN MODERATELY LARGE DOSES PRODUCES NO DAMAGE IN INHALATION EXPERIMENTS.
There is no known biological requirement for germanium (Ge), germanates, or any organogermanium compound. Germanium deficiency has not been demonstrated in any animal. The estimated average dietary intake of germanium in humans is 1.5 mg/day. Germanium is widely distributed in edible foods, all of which, with few exceptions, contain less than 5 ppm germanium, since higher levels are toxic to most plants. Ingestion of germanium compounds has been shown to produce toxic effects in experimental animals. In recent years inorganic germanium salts and novel organogermanium compounds, such as carboxyethyl germanium sesquioxide (Ge-132) and lactate-citrate-germanate (Ge lactate citrate) have been sold as nutritional supplements in some countries for their purported immunomodulatory effects or as health producing elixirs, resulting in intakes of germanium significantly exceeding the estimated average dietary intake. Since 1982, there have been 18 reported cases of acute renal dysfunction or failure, including two deaths, linked to oral intake of germanium elixirs containing germanium dioxide (GeO2) or Ge-132. In these cases, biopsies show vacuolar degeneration in renal tubular epithelial cells, without proteinuria or hematuria, in the absence of glomerular changes. Serum creatinine levels have been well above 400 mu mol/L in such patients. In 17 of 18 cases, accumulated elemental Ge intakes reportedly ranged between 16 to 328 g over a 4-36 mo period, or between 100 to 2000 times the average estimated dietary intake for human. In surviving patients, renal function improved after discontinuation of Ge supplementation. However, in no case was recovery complete. One organogermanium compound, an azaspiran organogermanium compound, 2-aza-8-germanspiro[4,5] decane-2-propamine-8,8-diethyl-N,N-dimethyl dichloride (spirogermanium), has been found to cause both neurotoxicity and pulmonary toxicity in phase I and II studies examining its chemotherapeutic potential as an antitumor drug in the treatment of various malignancies. In cancer patients given the drug spirogermanium, 40 experienced marked, yet transient neurotoxicity. Two patients suffered from pulmonary toxicity. Results of phases I and II human cancer trials for spirogermanium have not been favorable, with the exception of moderate benefits for three types of malignancies. It is recommended that patients exposed to long term (greater than 3 mo) germanium supplementation at levels well above the estimated daily intake be medically supervised and monitored for potential renal, pulmonary or neurotoxicity. Further study regarding the mechanism of Ge-induced nephrotoxicity in human is warranted.
Germanium in various forms is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and excreted in the urine (68%) and the feces (9.7%) within 24 hours of administration. It is fairly equally distributed between plasma and red blood cells but is not bound to plasma proteins. Germanium may be transported in the blood, unbound to protein, since it leaves the bloodstream in a few hours. It is widely distributed in body tissue and not selectively retained by any single tissue. Often, within a week it has even disappeared from the tissues in which it was detected. /Germanium/
... EXCRETION OF ... (71)GERMANIUM DIOXIDE IN RABBIT & DOG SHOWED ELIMINATION CHIEFLY VIA THE URINE AS WAS FOUND IN RAT. ESSENTIALLY SAME TYPE OF METABOLIC ACTIVITY OCCURRED WITH NEUTRON-ACTIVATED ... (71)GERMANIUM DIOXIDE DUSTS BY INHALATION.
(71)GERMANIUM DIOXIDE WAS CLEARED ... MORE RAPIDLY FROM LUNGS, KIDNEYS, & LIVER (79% IN 1 DAY), & ONLY TRACER AMT REMAINED IN THESE ORGANS @ 4 & 7 DAYS.
... NEUTRALIZED GERMANIUM DIOXIDE IS READILY ABSORBED FOLLOWING SMALL ... ORAL, SC, IM, OR IP DOSES IN RAT. BLOOD LEVELS ATTAINED SOMEWHAT LESS THAN 10 UG/G WITHIN FEW HR AFTER ... SINGLE SMALL DOSE, GERMANIUM LEAVES BLOODSTREAM WITHIN FEW HR. ... GERMANIUM ... DISTRIBUTED THROUGHOUT BODY ... NOT SELECTIVELY RETAINED IN ANY TISSUE ... .
Interaction of simple amino acids (glycine, α-alanine, β-alanine and L-valine) with germatranol hydrate
作者：Igor S. Ignatyev、Denis V. Lezov、Yulia A. Kondratenko、Tatyana A. Kochina
DOI：10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.132245
日期：2022.4
[HOGeN(CH2CH2O)3]H2O with simple aminoacids (glycine, α-alanine, β-alanine and L-valine) and characterized by the IR and 1H, 13C NMR spectroscopy. Equilibrium structures of corresponding molecules were obtained by the ωB97X-D DFT and B3LYP/ 6–31+G(d) methods. For molecules with amino residues H2NCHR-COO− (RH, Me, i-Pr), i.e. germatranyl glycinate (I), α-alaninate (II), and L-valinate (IV) two low-lying
氨基羧基锗烷是通过水合锗烷醇 [HOGeN(CH 2 CH 2 O) 3 ]H 2 O 与简单氨基酸（甘氨酸、α-丙氨酸、β-丙氨酸和 L-缬氨酸）反应合成的，并通过 IR 和1 H表征, 13 C NMR 光谱。通过ωB97X-D DFT和B3LYP/ 6-31+ G (d)方法获得相应分子的平衡结构。对于具有氨基残基 H 2 N CHR-COO − (R H, Me, i -Pr) 的分子，即甘氨酸锗酯 ( I )、α-丙氨酸 ( II ) 和L-缬氨酸 ( IV)) 两个低位异构体位于其势能面 (PES)。在β-丙氨酸酯 ( III) 中仅找到一种异构体。I和II的 IR 光谱证明在所讨论的物种中存在两种异构体，但是第二个异构体的数量从I到II显着减少。
Polyester carbonate copolymers, processes for preparing same and
申请人：Mitsui Petrochemical Industries, Ltd.
公开号：US05010146A1
公开（公告）日：1991-04-23
In accordance with the present invention, there are provided polyester carbonate copolymers obtained by polymerization of a mixture of 20-80% by weight of an alkylene terephthalate oligomer [I] containing ethylene terephthalate as main structural units and having an intrinsic viscosity [.eta.], as measured at 25.degree. C. in o-chlorophenol, of less than 0.6 dl/g, and 20-80% by weight of a carbonate oligomer [II] containing 2,2-bis(4 -hydroxyphenyl)propane as main structural units and having an intrinsic viscosity [.eta.], as measured at 25.degree. C. in o-chlorophenol, of less than 0.6 dl/g, said copolymers having an intrinsic viscosity [.eta.], as measured at 25.degree. C. in o-chlorophenol, of 0.4-1.2 dl/g and a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 80.degree.-140.degree. C. with a single peak, and polyester resin compositions containing said copolymers, said resin composition being excellent in transparency, heat resistance and mechanical strength.
본 발명은 새싹 식물에서 추출된 유기 게르마늄 성분이 함유된 화장품 조성물에 관한 것으로서, 좀 더 상세하게는 불용성인 금속 게르마늄을 이온 상태의 유기 게르마늄으로 합성하여 식물에 대한 흡수력이 좋은 상태를 제공하기 위하여, 접하기 쉬운 산화 게르마늄의 산소 그룹을 염소 그룹으로 결합시켜 사염화게르마늄으로 합성하고, 물에 녹일 수 있는 상태인 게르마늄 이온으로 합성하기 위해 아미노산의 산(RCOOH) 그룹(또는 히드록시기(ROH))을 음이온 부분(counterpart)으로 만들어서(RCOO - , 또는 RO - ) 양이온 게르마늄(Ge 4+ )과 물에 잘 용해되는 이온상태로 합성하여, 합성된 유기 게르마늄 이온을 식물에 적용하여 유해성을 낮춘 새싹 식물에서 추출된 유기 게르마늄 성분이 함유된 화장품 조성물에 관한 것이다. 본 발명에 의하면 불용성 금속 게르마늄을 이온 상태의 유기 게르마늄으로 변화시켜 식물에 대한 흡수력이 좋은 상태로 제공함으로써 안전성과 유용성을 갖는 기능성 화장품이 제공될 수 있다.
Highly soluble germanium dioxide as a new source of germanium for derivatization with organic compounds
作者：Artem V. Kansuzyan、Sofia D. Farafonova、Evgeniya A. Saverina、Irina V. Krylova、Victoriya A. Balycheva、Anna Ya. Akyeva、Alexander G. Medvedev、Elena N. Nikolaevskaya、Mikhail P. Egorov、Petr V. Prikhodchenko、Mikhail A. Syroeshkin
DOI：10.1016/j.mencom.2022.01.007
日期：2022.1
In modern germanium chemistry, toxic, corrosive and water- sensitive halogen and alkoxy derivatives, or poorly reactive polymeric dioxide are generally utilized. Recently developed highly water-soluble germaniumdioxide was herein treated with diols and N-donor bases to produce novel highly reactive hydrophilic germanium source suitable for further derivatization.
The first chiral germanium halide is synthesized, which exhibits strong nonlinear chiroptical property. The second-harmonic generation circular dichroism of the chiral germanium halide can reach 0.48, which is the highest value among lead-free chiral metal halides. Moreover, a large effective second-order nonlinear optical coefficient of 0.86 pm/V and a high laser-induced damage threshold of 38.46 GW/cm2
