Acid Catalysis vs. Electron-Transfer Catalysis via Organic Cations or Cation-Radicals as the Reactive Intermediate. Are These Distinctive Mechanisms?
摘要:
Proton transfer to aromatic and olefinic donors (D) lends to the facile interchange of transient carbocations (DH+) and cation-radical (D+.). The same types of cation and cation-radical are reactive intermediates in the acid catalysis and the electron-transfer catalysis of such organic transformations as benzylic coupling, epoxide.-pinacol rearrangements and cis-trans isomerization of stilbenes when they are both carried out under otherwise identical reaction conditions, However, the rapid exchange of diamagnetic cations and paramagnetic cation-radicals blurs the traditional view of sepal ate electrophilic and homolytic processes, and rigorous experimental evidence is required to establish whether acid catalysis and electron-transfer catalysis actually represent distinct mechanistic categories.
Modeling aqueous alteration of CM carbonaceous chondrites
摘要:
Abstract— Results from an inorganic geochemical modeling study support a scenario in which low‐temperature aqueous alteration of an anhydrous CM asteroidal parent body and melt water from H2O and CO2 ices produces the altered assemblage observed in CM carbonaceous chondrites (chrysotile, greenalite, tochilinite, cronstedtite and minor calcite and magnetite). We consider a range of possible precursor mineral assemblages, varying with respect to the Fe‐oxidation state of the initial anhydrous phases. The aqueous solutions produced by this alteration are generally strongly basic and reducing and a large quantity of H2, and possible CH4, gas can be released during aqueous alteration.
When electron-rich benzopinacols are electrooxidized or treated with catalytic amounts of NOBF4 the corresponding pinacolones are obtained in quantitative yields. Control experiments rule out the possibility of adventitious acid intervening in the reaction and a radical-cation chain electron-transfer mechanism is proposed.