/The investigators/ reported that rats injected iv with radioactive silver nitrate excreted silver in the bile mainly bound to a low molecular-wt complex which appeared to be glutathione.
A marked variation in biliary excretion was observed in different species administered silver as silver nitrate in a single iv injection at 0.1 mg/kg of silver over a 2 hour period ... . Thirty minutes after treatment, male Sprague Dawley rats excreted silver into the bile at a rate of 0.25 ug/min/kg, New Zealand White male rabbits excreted 0.05 ug/min/kg, and mongrel male dogs excreted 0.005 ug/min/kg. The concentration of silver in the plasma was markedly lower in the dog than in the rat or rabbit, indicating a larger volume of distribution in the dog. This variation appears to be attributable to differences in the transfer of silver from liver to bile. The species with the lowest biliary excretion rate (dog) had the highest liver concentration of silver (rat 1.24, rabbit = 2.13 and dog = 2.9 ug silver/g liver). In all species, the concentration of silver in the bile was greater than that in plasma with no observable dose gradient, thereby indicating an active transport process and a saturable mechanism.
Silver and its compounds can be absorbed via inhalation, while silver compounds can also be absorbed orally and dermally. It distributes throughout the body in the blood, particularily to the liver. Insoluble silver salts are transformed into soluble silver sulfide albuminates, bind to amino or carboxyl groups in RNA, DNA, and proteins, or are reduced to metallic silver by ascorbic acid or catecholamines. Metallic silver is oxidized and may deposit in the tissues, causing arygria. Silver is eliminated primarily in the faeces. Intake of some amount of nitrates and nitrites is a normal part of the nitrogen cycle in humans. In vivo conversion of nitrates to nitrites can occur in the gastrointestional tract under the right conditions, significantly enhancing nitrates' toxic potency. The major metabolic pathway for nitrate is conversion to nitrite, and then to ammonia. Nitrites, nitrates, and their metabolites are excreted in the urine. (L1137, L808)
Metallic silver is oxidized and may deposit in the tissues, causing arygria. The silver ion is known to inhibit glutathione peroxidase and NA+,K+-ATPase activity, disrupting selenium-catalyzed sulfhydryl oxidation-reduction reactions and intracellular ion concentrations, respectively. Silver nanoparticles are believed to disrupt the mitochondrial respiratory chain, causing oxidative stress, reduced ATP synthesis, and DNA damage. Nitrate's toxicity is a result of it's conversion to nitrite once in the body. Nitrite causes the autocatalytic oxidation of oxyhemoglobin to hydrogen peroxide and methemoglobin. This elevation of methemoglobin levels is a condition known as methemoglobinemia, and is characterized by tissue hypoxia, as methemoglobin cannot bind oxygen. (A2450, L1613, L808, A243, A244, A245, A246)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
摄入硝酸盐或亚硝酸盐，在导致内源性亚硝化的条件下，可能对人类具有致癌性（2A组）。
Ingested nitrate or nitrite under conditions that result in endogenous nitrosation is probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A). (L135)
Exposure to high levels of silver for a long period of time may result in a condition called arygria, a blue-gray discoloration of the skin and other body tissues. Argyria is a permanent effect but does not appear to be harmful to health. While silver itself is not toxic, most silver salts are, and may damage the liver, kidney, and central nervous system, as well as be carcinogenic. Nitrate and nitrite poisoning causes methemoglobinemia. Nitrites may cause pregnancy complications and developmental effects. They may also be carcinogenic. (L1137, L808, L809, L810)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
暴露途径
该物质可以通过吸入其气溶胶和通过吞食被吸收进人体。
The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.
来源:ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)
SILVER, AS AG NITRATE, IS ABSORBED FROM THE RESP & GI TRACTS ... ABSORPTION OF SILVER NITRATE THROUGH THE INTACT SKIN IS OF NO PHYSIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE, HOWEVER, SOME ABSORPTION THROUGH MUCOUS MEMBRANES OF THE NOSE & THROAT PROBABLY OCCURS. ABSORBED SILVER IS TENACIOUSLY RETAINED ... IN ELASTIC TISSUES THROUGHOUT THE BODY.
... Silver in brain and spinal cord sections from rats treated with ... silver nitrate was visualized by physical appearance. The silver penetrated the blood brain barrier and accumulated in the neurons and glia. The distribution of silver in the central nervous system was heterogeneous. Even with low doses and short survival periods, silver accumulated in large motorneurons in the brain stem and spinal cord and in the neurons in the cerebellar nuclei. Silver was only found in the diecenphalic and telecenphalic structures after extensive exposure. Silver distribution following oral ... AgNO3 treatment ... resulted in a relatively high content of silver in the glia. ... Electron microscopic studies /revealed/ ... silver ... intracellularly in the lysosomes and extracellularly in basement membranes and elastic fibers of the vessels.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
所有形式的银一旦进入身体组织就会累积，而且很少有被排泄的。
All forms of silver are cumulative once they enter body tissues, and very little is excreted.
In argyric rats given 0.5 percent silver nitrate in their drinking water for nine months, silver was especially found in lysosomes of the liver's Kupffer cells, at the basal membrane of the capillaries, and the connective tissue cells of the pancreas.
[EN] TARGETED DELIVERY AND PRODRUG DESIGNS FOR PLATINUM-ACRIDINE ANTI-CANCER COMPOUNDS AND METHODS THEREOF<br/>[FR] ADMINISTRATION CIBLÉE ET CONCEPTIONS DE PROMÉDICAMENTS POUR COMPOSÉS ANTICANCÉREUX À BASE DE PLATINE ET D'ACRIDINE ET MÉTHODES ASSOCIÉES
申请人：WAKE FOREST SCHOOL OF MEDICINE
公开号：WO2013033430A1
公开（公告）日：2013-03-07
Acridine containing cispiaiin compounds have been disclosed that show greater efficacy against cancer than other cisplatin compounds. Methods of delivery of those more effective eisp!aiin compounds to the nucleus in cancer ceils is disclosed using one or more amino acids, one or more sugars, one or more polymeric ethers, C i^aikylene-phenyl-NH-C(0)-R.15, folic acid, av03 iniegriii RGD binding peptide, tamoxifen, endoxifen, epidermal growth factor receptor, antibody conjugates, kinase inhibitors, diazoles, triazol.es, oxazoies, erlotinib, and/or mixtures thereof; wherein R]§ is a peptide.
Heterochiral vs. Homochiral Linkage of Emissive Iridium(III) Complexes with
<scp>D</scp>
‐Penicillaminate: Drastic Change in Emission Induced by Silver(I) Linkage
bands. Whereas the (ppy)Ir III Ag I Ir IIIcomplex produced the heterochiral Δ D Λ D isomer, the ppy-CF 3 complex gave the homochiral Δ D Λ D and A D A D isomers that could completely be separated by crystallization. It was found that the quantum efficiency of the emission band for the Δ D Δ D isomer is much lower than that for the A D A D isomer.
[Ir(ppy or ppy-CF 3 ) 2 } 2 (μ-Cl) 2 ] Hppy = 2-苯基吡啶，Hppy-CF 3 = 2-[3,5-双(三氟甲基)苯基]-吡啶的反应) 与 D-青霉胺 (DH 2 pen) 提供发射性 Ir III 单核复合物 [Ir(ppy 或 ppy-CF 3 ) 2 (D-Hpen-N,S)] 作为 Δ D /Λ D 的 1:1 混合物异构体。这些复合物在 [AgIr(D-pen-N,S)(ppy or ppy-CF 3 ) 2 }Ir(D-Hpen-N,S)(ppy或 ppy-CF 3 ) 2 }] 通过用 AgNO 3 处理，导致发射带发生剧烈蓝移。(ppy)Ir III Ag I Ir III 复合物产生异手性 Δ D Λ D 异构体，而 ppy-CF 3 复合物产生可通过结晶完全分离的同手性 Δ D Λ D 和 ADAD 异构体。
A general N-alkylation platform via copper metallaphotoredox and silyl radical activation of alkyl halides
作者：Nathan W. Dow、Albert Cabré、David W.C. MacMillan
DOI：10.1016/j.chempr.2021.05.005
日期：2021.7
The catalytic union of amides, sulfonamides, anilines, imines, or N-heterocycles with a broad spectrum of electronically and sterically diverse alkyl bromides has been achieved via a visible-light-induced metallaphotoredox platform. The use of a halogen abstraction-radical capture (HARC) mechanism allows for room temperature coupling of C(sp3)-bromides using simple Cu(II) salts, effectively bypassing
通过可见光诱导的金属光氧化还原平台实现了酰胺、磺胺、苯胺、亚胺或N-杂环与广谱电子和空间多样化烷基溴的催化结合。卤素提取-自由基捕获 (HARC) 机制的使用允许使用简单的 Cu(II) 盐在室温下耦合 C( sp 3 )-溴化物，有效绕过通常与热诱导 S N 2 或 S相关的过高障碍N 1 N-烷基化。这种区域和化学选择性方案与 >10 类药物相关的N兼容- 亲核试剂，包括已建立的药剂，以及结构多样的伯、仲和叔烷基溴。此外，通过将N-亲核试剂与环丙基溴和未活化的烷基氯（与亲核取代途径不相容的底物）结合，突出了 HARC 方法与传统惰性偶联伙伴结合的能力。初步的机械实验验证了该平台的双重催化、开壳性质，这使得在传统的基于卤化物的N-烷基化系统中无法实现的反应性成为可能。
Hydrogen-transfer reduction of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds catalyzed by naphthyridine-functionalized N-heterocyclic carbene complexes
作者：Hsiao-Ching Huang、Mani Ramanathan、Yi-Hong Liu、Shie-Ming Peng、Shiuh-Tzung Liu
DOI：10.1002/aoc.3673
日期：2017.8
confirmed using X‐ray crystallography. In catalytic activity studies, complex 5 was found to be an effective catalyst in the hydrogen‐transfer reduction of α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds into the corresponding saturated carbonyl compounds.
Synthesis and Characterisation of Indium(III) Bis-Thiosemicarbazone Complexes: 18F Incorporation for PET Imaging
作者：Taracad K. Venkatachalam、Paul V. Bernhardt、Gregory K. Pierens、Damion H. R. Stimson、Rajiv Bhalla、David C. Reutens
DOI：10.1071/ch18559
日期：——
coordination sphere in all indium complexes. In some complexes, an intermolecular hydrogen bond was present between the chlorineatom and an NH group. Three different indium chlorido complexes were converted into the corresponding fluorido-derivative by a simple halide exchange method using K18F. These novel complexes, containing the positron emitting isotope 18F, may have potential applications in positron
