The invention provides new methods for the direct umpolung self-condensation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) by organocatalysis, thereby upgrading the readily available substrate into 5,5′-di(hydroxymethyl)furoin (DHMF). While many efficient catalyst systems have been developed for conversion of plant biomass resources into HMF, the invention now provides methods to convert such nonfood biomass directly into DHMF by a simple process as described herein. The invention also provides highly effective new methods for upgrading other biomass furaldehydes and related compound to liquid fuels. The methods include the organocatalytic self-condensation (umpolung) of biomass furaldehydes into (C
8
-C
12
)furoin intermediates, followed by hydrogenation, etherification or esterification into oxygenated biodiesel, or hydrodeoxygenation by metal-acid tandem catalysis into premium hydrocarbon fuels.
本发明提供了一种新的方法,通过有机催化直接进行
5-羟甲基糠醛(
HMF)的自反极化自缩合,将易得到的底物升级为5,5'-二(羟甲基)
呋喃(D
HMF)。虽然已经开发出许多有效的催化剂体系将植物
生物质资源转化为
HMF,但本发明现在提供了将这种非食用
生物质直接转化为D
HMF的方法,这是通过本文所描述的简单过程实现的。本发明还提供了将其他
生物质呋醛和相关化合物升级为液体燃料的高效新方法。这些方法包括有机催化的
生物质呋醛自缩合(反极化)成(C8-C12)
呋喃中间体,然后通过氢化、醚化或酯化转化为含氧
生物柴油,或通过
金属-酸串联催化剂的脱氧反应转化为高品质烃类燃料。