Discovery of Potent and Selective Sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) Inhibitors Using a Fragment-Based Approach
摘要:
Sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) is one of the sirtuins, a family of NAD(+)-dependent deacetylases that act on a variety of histone and non-histone substrates. Accumulating biological functions and potential therapeutic applications have drawn interest in the discovery and development of SIRT2 inhibitors. Herein we report our discovery of novel SIRT2 inhibitors using a fragment-based approach. Inspired by the purported close binding proximity of suramin and nicotinamide, we prepared two sets of fragments, namely, the naphthylamide sulfonic acids and the naphthalene-benzamides and -nicotinamides. Biochemical evaluation of these two series provided structure-activity relationship (SAR) information, which led to the design of (5-benzamidonaphthalen-1/2-yloxy)nicotinamide derivatives. Among these inhibitors, one compound exhibited high anti-SIRT2 activity (48 nM) and excellent selectivity for SIRT2 over SIRT1 and SIRT3. In vitro, it also increased the acetylation level of a-tubulin, a well-established SIRT2 substrate, in both concentration- and time-dependent manners. Further kinetic studies revealed that this compound behaves as a competitive inhibitor against the peptide substrate and most likely as a noncompetitive inhibitor against NAD(+). Taken together, these results indicate that we have discovered a potent and selective SIRT2 inhibitor whose novel structure merits further exploration.
Green photochemistry: the use of microemulsions as green media in photooxygenation reactions
作者:Emma E. Coyle、Kieran Joyce、Kieran Nolan、Michael Oelgemöller
DOI:10.1039/c004869k
日期:——
The use of ‘green’ microemulsions of ethyl acetate and water, using sodium dodecyl sulfate and alcoholic co-surfactants as a reaction medium, in photooxygenation reactions was investigated. This work looked at the optimisation of the microemulsion (the optimum ratio of components), an investigation of the effect of changing co-surfactant and optimisation of the reaction work-up for the synthesis of 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, Juglone. Isolated yields of 36–88% were achieved in just 4 h of irradiation. Microemulsions also allowed the usage of the sensitiser tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) in a benign environment. The optimised procedure was furthermore applied to the synthesis of 5-amido-1,4-naphthoquinones, and moderate yields were achieved.
Green photochemistry: solarchemical synthesis of 5-amido-1,4-naphthoquinones
作者:Elodie Haggiage、Emma E. Coyle、Kieran Joyce、Michael Oelgemöller
DOI:10.1039/b816676e
日期:——
Dye sensitized photooxygenations of 5-amido-1-naphthols were investigated with artificial light and sunlight, and the corresponding 5-amido-1,4-naphthoquinones were isolated in moderate to excellent yields. Under sunny conditions the yields were higher for almost all cases studied. The energy demand of the equipment used was determined, revealing significant energy savings for solar exposures.