硝酸镍 | 14216-75-2

• 分子结构分类: 无机化合物 - 混合金属/非金属化合物 - 过渡金属氧阴离子化合物
• 中文名称: 硝酸镍
• 英文名称: Nickel nitrate
• 英文别名: nickel(2+);dinitrate
• CAS: 14216-75-2；13478-00-7 (hexahydrate)；13138-45-9
• 化学式: N2NiO6
• 分子量: 182.7
• InChiKey: KBJMLQFLOWQJNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  -0.48
• 重原子数：
  9
• 可旋转键数：
  0
• 环数：
  0.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.0
• 拓扑面积：
  126
• 氢给体数：
  0
• 氢受体数：
  6

ADMET

代谢

镍主要通过肺和胃肠吸收。一旦进入体内，它就会进入血液，在那里它与白蛋白、L-组氨酸和_2-巨球蛋白结合。镍倾向于积累在肺、甲状腺、肾脏、心脏和肝脏中。吸收的镍通过尿液排出，而未被吸收的镍通过粪便排出。摄入一定量的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐是人类氮循环的正常部分。在适当的条件下，硝酸盐可以在胃肠中转化为亚硝酸盐，显著增加硝酸盐的毒性。硝酸盐的主要代谢途径是转化为亚硝酸盐，然后转化为氨。亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐及其代谢物通过尿液排出。(L1137, L41)

Nickel is absorbed mainly through the lungs and gastrointestinal tract. Once in the body it enters the bloodstream, where it binds to albumin, L-histidine, and _2-macroglobulin. Nickel tends to accumulate in the lungs, thyroid, kidney, heart, and liver. Absorbed nickel is excreted in the urine, wherease unabsorbed nickel is excreted in the faeces. Intake of some amount of nitrates and nitrites is a normal part of the nitrogen cycle in humans. In vivo conversion of nitrates to nitrites can occur in the gastrointestional tract under the right conditions, significantly enhancing nitrates' toxic potency. The major metabolic pathway for nitrate is conversion to nitrite, and then to ammonia. Nitrites, nitrates, and their metabolites are excreted in the urine. (L1137, L41)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 毒性总结

镍以替代某些酶中的其他必需元素而为人所知，如钙调神经磷酸酶。它具有基因毒性，一些镍化合物已被证明能促进细胞增殖。镍对染色质蛋白具有高亲和力，尤其是组蛋白和精蛋白。镍离子与异染色质的结合会导致包括浓缩、DNA过甲基化、基因沉默以及组蛋白乙酰化抑制等一系列改变，这些都已被证明会干扰基因表达。镍还被证明能改变几种转录因子，包括低氧诱导转录因子、激活转录因子和NF-KB转录因子。还有证据表明，镍离子通过直接抑制DNA修复酶或与锌离子竞争结合锌指DNA结合蛋白，从而阻碍DNA修复，导致DNA结构变化，阻止修复酶的结合。镍离子还能与多种细胞配体结合，包括氨基酸、肽和蛋白质，导致产生氧自由基，从而引起碱基损伤、DNA链断裂和DNA蛋白质交联。硝酸盐的毒性是由于其在体内转化为亚硝酸盐。亚硝酸盐导致氧合血红蛋白的自动催化氧化为过氧化氢和高铁血红蛋白。这种高铁血红蛋白水平的升高被称为高铁血红蛋白血症，其特点是组织缺氧，因为高铁血红蛋白不能结合氧气。(A2450, L1613, L41, A40)

Nickel is known to substitute for other essential elements in certain enzmes, such as calcineurin. It is genotoxic, and some nickel compounds have been shown to promote cell proliferation. Nickel has a high affinity for chromatin proteins, particularly histones and protamines. The complexing of nickel ions with heterochromatin results in a number of alterations including condensation, DNA hypermethylation, gene silencing, and inhibition of histone acetylation, which have been shown to disturb gene expression. Nickel has also been shown to alter several transcription factors, including hypoxia-inducible transcription factor, activating transcription factor, and NF-KB transcription factor. There is also evidence that nickel ions inhibit DNA repair, either by directly inhibiting DNA repair enzymes or competing with zinc ions for binding to zinc-finger DNA binding proteins, resulting in structural changes in DNA that prevent repair enzymes from binding. Nickel ions can also complex with a number of cellular ligands including amino acids, peptides, and proteins resulting in the generation of oxygen radicals, which induce base damage, DNA strand breaks, and DNA protein crosslinks. Nitrate's toxicity is a result of it's conversion to nitrite once in the body. Nitrite causes the autocatalytic oxidation of oxyhemoglobin to hydrogen peroxide and methemoglobin. This elevation of methemoglobin levels is a condition known as methemoglobinemia, and is characterized by tissue hypoxia, as methemoglobin cannot bind oxygen. (A2450, L1613, L41, A40)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 致癌性证据

A4：无法归类为人类致癌物。/镍，可溶性无机化合物（NOS），作为镍/

A4: Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /Nickel, soluble inorganic compounds (NOS), as Ni/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 致癌性证据

评估：有足够的人类证据表明硫酸镍具有致癌性，以及镍精炼工业中遇到的镍硫化物和氧化物的组合也具有致癌性。关于金属镍和镍合金的人类致癌性证据不足。有足够的实验动物证据表明金属镍、氧化镍、氢氧化镍和结晶镍硫化物具有致癌性。对于镍合金、镍茂、镍碳酰、镍盐、镍砷化物、镍锑化物、镍硒化物和镍碲化物的致癌性，实验动物中的证据有限。对于三氧化二镍、非晶形镍硫化物和钛酸镍的致癌性，实验动物中的证据不足。工作组根据流行病学研究、实验动物致癌性研究以及其他几种相关数据的综合结果，对镍化合物作为一组进行了总体评估，并得到了镍化合物能在靶细胞的关键位点生成镍离子的基本概念的支持。总体评估：镍化合物对人类具有致癌性（第1组）。金属镍可能对人类具有致癌性（第2B组）。/镍化合物/

Evaluation: There is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of nickel sulfate, and of the combinations of nickel sulfides and oxides encountered in the nickel refining industry. There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of metallic nickel and nickel alloys. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of metallic nickel, nickel monoxides, nickel hydroxides and crystalline nickel sulfides. There is limited evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of nickel alloys, nickelocene, nickel carbonyl, nickel salts, nickel arsenides, nickel antimonide, nickel selenides and nickel telluride. There is inadequate evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of nickel trioxide, amorphous nickel sulfide and nickel titanate. The Working Group made the overall evaluation on nickel compounds as a group on the basis of the combined results of epidemiological studies, carcinogenicity studies in experimental animals, and several types of other relevant data, supported by the underlying concept that nickel compounds can generate nickel ions at critical sites in their target cells. Overall evaluation: Nickel compounds are carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). Metallic nickel is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). /Nickel compounds/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 致癌物分类

1, 对人类致癌。

1, carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 健康影响

镍对人类最常见的有害健康影响是过敏反应。这通常表现为皮疹，尽管有些人会经历哮喘发作。长期吸入镍会导致慢性支气管炎和肺功能下降，以及损害鼻咽腔。过量摄入镍会损害胃、血液、肝脏、肾脏和免疫系统，并对生殖和发育产生不利影响。硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐中毒导致高铁血红蛋白血症。亚硝酸盐可能导致怀孕并发症和发育影响。它们也可能具有致癌性。

The most common harmful health effect of nickel in humans is an allergic reaction. This usually manifests as a skin rash, although some people experience asthma attacks. Long term inhahation of nickel causes chronic bronchitis and reduced lung function, as well as damage to the naval cavity. Ingestion of excess nickel results in damage to the stomach, blood, liver, kidneys, and immune system, as well as having adverse effects on reproduction and development. Nitrate and nitrite poisoning causes methemoglobinemia. Nitrites may cause pregnancy complications and developmental effects. They may also be carcinogenic. (L1137, L41)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

反应信息

• 作为反应物：
  描述：

  硝酸镍 生成 氧化亚镍
  参考文献：
  名称：

  KOLL, J.

  摘要：

  DOI：
• 作为产物：
  描述：

  氯化钠 生成 硝酸镍
  参考文献：
  名称：

  MAKSIN, V. I.;CHERNOVA, L. G.;LAMPEKA, E. G.

  摘要：

  DOI：
• 作为试剂：
  描述：

  1-[2-(2-Nitrophenyl)ethenyl]pyrrolidine 、 在 铑 、 硝酸镍 、 Cobalt; pentane-2,4-dione 作用下， 生成 吲哚
  参考文献：
  名称：

  Process for producing indolopyrrolocarbazole derivative

  摘要：

  本发明提供了一种工业上有利的生产化合物的方法，该化合物由公式（I）表示：或其药学上可接受的盐，该化合物可用作抗癌剂，并且还提供了在该过程中用于氢化反应的催化剂。

  公开号：

  US20050176968A1

文献信息

• Method for recovering nickel from high magnesium-containing Ni-Fe-Mg
  申请人：BHP Minerals International Inc.

  公开号：US05571308A1

  公开（公告）日：1996-11-05

  A method is provided for recovering nickel from high magnesium-containing lateritic ores which also contain iron. The ores which are referred to as saprolitic ores are subjected to leaching with a mineral acid from the group consisting of HCl, H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 and HNO.sub.3, HCl being preferred. Following leaching with HCl, for example, the pregnant solution obtained is separated from undissolved solids and the nickel preferably recovered by contacting the solution with a resin selective to nickel absorption. The raffinate remaining which contains iron and magnesium chlorides may be subjected to pyro-hydrolysis to produce their respective oxides and free HCl for recycle into the leaching system. The nickel is extracted from the resin using a stripping solution of said acid, and the nickel thereafter extracted from the nickel-loaded stripping solution.

  提供了一种从高镁含量的含铁晚霜状矿石中回收镍的方法。这些矿石被称为腐殖矿石，经过用HCl、H.sub.2 SO.sub.4和HNO.sub.3等矿酸浸出，其中HCl是首选。例如，在用HCl浸出后，获得的孕育溶液被分离出未溶解的固体，然后通过与对镍吸收具有选择性的树脂接触来回收镍。剩余的渣液中含有铁和镁氯化物，可以通过热水解法产生它们各自的氧化物和自由的HCl，以回收到浸出系统中。镍可以用所述酸的剥离溶液从树脂中提取，然后从镍负载的剥离溶液中提取镍。
• Selective sorption of organics by metal-containing M41S
  申请人：Mobil Oil Corporation

  公开号：US06054052A1

  公开（公告）日：2000-04-25

  Incorporation of zirconium, nickel and/or copper into M41S results in selective sorption of bulky organic molecules. Zirconium, nickel and/or copper may be incorporated into M41S by exchange or impregnation.

  将锆、镍和/或铜纳入M41S中，可选择性地吸附笨重的有机分子。可以通过交换或浸渍将锆、镍和/或铜纳入M41S中。
• Nickel hydroxide particles and production and use thereof
  申请人：Sakai Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.

  公开号：US06306787B1

  公开（公告）日：2001-10-23

  The invention provides nickel hydroxide secondary particles comprising agglomerates of primary particles of nickel hydroxide in the shape of a triangular prism or a triangular plate having a surface or a outer face in the form of a substantially equilateral triangle each side of which substantially equilateral triangle has a length of 1 to 10 &mgr;m. The invention further provides lithium nickel composite oxide secondary particles comprised of agglomerates of primary particles having a large particle diameter by mixing the nickel hydroxide secondary particles with a lithium compound and sintering the resulting mixture at a temperature of 600° C. to 1000° C. in an oxidative atmosphere.

  本发明提供了镍氢化物二次粒子，其包括镍氢化物的初级粒子的团聚体，呈三棱柱或三角形板状，具有表面或外表面呈基本等边三角形的形状，其中基本等边三角形的每条边的长度为1到10微米。本发明还提供了锂镍复合氧化物二次粒子，由混合镍氢化物二次粒子和锂化合物，并在氧化性气氛下将所得混合物在600°C至1000°C的温度下烧结而成，其包括具有大粒径的初级粒子的团聚体。
• Composite Particle for Electrode, Method for Producing the Same and Secondary Battery
  申请人：Ishida Sumihito

  公开号：US20080160409A1

  公开（公告）日：2008-07-03

  A composite particle for an electrode including an active material particle, carbon nanofibers bonded to the surface of the active material particle, and a catalyst element for promoting the growth of the carbon nanofibers, wherein the active material particle includes an electrochemically active phase. As the catalyst element, for example, Au, Ag, Pt, Ru, Ir, Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, Mo, Mn and the like are used. The composite particle for an electrode may be produced, for example, by means of a method which includes: a step of preparing an active material particle including a catalyst element for promoting the growth of carbon nanofibers at least in the surface layer of the active material particle; and a step of growing carbon nanofibers on the surface of the active material particle in an atmosphere including a raw material gas.

  一种用于电极的复合粒子，包括一个活性材料粒子，粘附在活性材料粒子表面的碳纳米纤维，以及用于促进碳纳米纤维生长的催化剂元素，其中活性材料粒子包括电化学活性相。作为催化剂元素，例如，可以使用Au、Ag、Pt、Ru、Ir、Cu、Fe、Co、Ni、Mo、Mn等。例如，可以通过以下方法制备电极的复合粒子：制备包括在活性材料粒子表面层中至少促进碳纳米纤维生长的催化剂元素的活性材料粒子；在包括原料气体的气氛中在活性材料粒子表面上生长碳纳米纤维的步骤。
• Process for preparing a positive electrode material for lithium ion battery
  申请人：BYD Company Limited

  公开号：US07887721B2

  公开（公告）日：2011-02-15

  A process for preparing lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt composite oxide used as a positive electrode material for the lithium ion battery, comprising subjecting a mixture containing a lithium compound and nickel-manganese-cobalt hydroxide to a first-stage sintering and a second-stage sintering. The process includes adding a binder and/or binder solution after the first-stage sintering, and the mixture of the binder and/or binder solution and the product of first-stage sintering is sintered in the second-stage sintering. The tap density and volume specific capacity of the positive electrode material lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt composite oxide prepared by the process, come up to 2.4 g/cm3 and 416.4 mAh/cm3, respectively. Besides, the positive electrode material lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt composite oxide prepared by the process possesses the advantages of high specific capacity and good cycle stability.

  一种制备用作锂离子电池正极材料的锂镍锰钴复合氧化物的工艺，包括将含有锂化合物和镍锰钴羟矾土的混合物进行第一阶段烧结和第二阶段烧结。该工艺在第一阶段烧结后加入粘合剂和/或粘合剂溶液，然后将粘合剂和/或粘合剂溶液的混合物与第一阶段烧结产物在第二阶段烧结中烧结。通过该工艺制备的正极材料锂镍锰钴复合氧化物的敲击密度和体积比容量分别达到2.4 g/cm3和416.4 mAh/cm3。此外，通过该工艺制备的正极材料锂镍锰钴复合氧化物具有高比容量和良好的循环稳定性。