Nickel is absorbed mainly through the lungs and gastrointestinal tract. Once in the body it enters the bloodstream, where it binds to albumin, L-histidine, and _2-macroglobulin. Nickel tends to accumulate in the lungs, thyroid, kidney, heart, and liver. Absorbed nickel is excreted in the urine, wherease unabsorbed nickel is excreted in the faeces. (L41)
Nickel is absorbed mainly through the lungs and gastrointestinal tract. Once in the body it enters the bloodstream, where it binds to albumin, L-histidine, and _2-macroglobulin. Nickel tends to accumulate in the lungs, thyroid, kidney, heart, and liver. Absorbed nickel is excreted in the urine, wherease unabsorbed nickel is excreted in the faeces. (L41)
...Nickel oxide is insoluble in water. ... In polluted air one of the predominant nickel cmpd ... is nickel oxide(s). ... Nickel carbonyl is unstable in air & decomposes to form nickel oxide. ... Respiratory absorption with secondary GI absorption (insoluble & soluble cmpd) is a major route of entry during occupational exposure. A significant quantity of inhaled material is swallowed following mucocillary clearance from the respiratory tract. Poor personal hygiene *& work practices can contribute to GI exposure. Percutaneous absorption is negligible, quantitatively, but is important in the pathogenesis of contact hypersensitivity. Absorption is related to the solubility of the cmpd, following the general relationships nickel carbonyl> soluble nickel cmpd> insoluble nickel cmpd. ... Studies on hamsters & rats with insoluble nickel oxide showed poor absorption, with retention of much of the material in the lung after several weeks. ... Long term inhalation exposure to ... nickel oxide caused mucosal damage & inflammatory reaction in the respiratory tract of rats, mice & guinea pigs. Epithelial hyperplasia was observed in rats after inhalation exposure to aerosols of ... nickel oxide. High level long term exposure to nickel oxide led to gradually progressive pneumoconiosis in rats. ... Inhalation exposure to black nickel oxide did not induce lung tumors in Syrian golden hamsters (a species resistant to lung carcinogenesis). ... Unidentified /nickel/ oxide preparations ... induced local mesenchymal tumors in a variety of experimental animals after im, sc, ip, intrapleural, intraocular, intraosseous, intrarenal, intra-articular, intratesticular, or intra-adipose admin. No local carcinogenic response was seen in single dose studies ... with two specimens of nickel oxide, especially prepared for carcinogenicity testing ... . ... In studies using repeated intratracheal instillation, ... nickel oxide caused pulmonary tumors. ... Nickel oxide was present in almost all circumstances in which cancer risks were elevated, together with one or more other forms of nickel (nickel subsulfide, soluble nickel, metallic nickel).
Nickel is known to substitute for other essential elements in certain enzmes, such as calcineurin. It is genotoxic, and some nickel compounds have been shown to promote cell proliferation. Nickel has a high affinity for chromatin proteins, particularly histones and protamines. The complexing of nickel ions with heterochromatin results in a number of alterations including condensation, DNA hypermethylation, gene silencing, and inhibition of histone acetylation, which have been shown to disturb gene expression. Nickel has also been shown to alter several transcription factors, including hypoxia-inducible transcription factor, activating transcription factor, and NF-KB transcription factor. There is also evidence that nickel ions inhibit DNA repair, either by directly inhibiting DNA repair enzymes or competing with zinc ions for binding to zinc-finger DNA binding proteins, resulting in structural changes in DNA that prevent repair enzymes from binding. Nickel ions can also complex with a number of cellular ligands including amino acids, peptides, and proteins resulting in the generation of oxygen radicals, which induce base damage, DNA strand breaks, and DNA protein crosslinks. (L41, A40)
Nickel is known to substitute for other essential elements in certain enzmes, such as calcineurin. It is genotoxic, and some nickel compounds have been shown to promote cell proliferation. Nickel has a high affinity for chromatin proteins, particularly histones and protamines. The complexing of nickel ions with heterochromatin results in a number of alterations including condensation, DNA hypermethylation, gene silencing, and inhibition of histone acetylation, which have been shown to disturb gene expression. Nickel has also been shown to alter several transcription factors, including hypoxia-inducible transcription factor, activating transcription factor, and NF-KB transcription factor. There is also evidence that nickel ions inhibit DNA repair, either by directly inhibiting DNA repair enzymes or competing with zinc ions for binding to zinc-finger DNA binding proteins, resulting in structural changes in DNA that prevent repair enzymes from binding. Nickel ions can also complex with a number of cellular ligands including amino acids, peptides, and proteins resulting in the generation of oxygen radicals, which induce base damage, DNA strand breaks, and DNA protein crosslinks. (L41, A40)
CLASSIFICATION: A; human carcinogen. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Human data in which exposure to nickel refinery dust caused lung and nasal tumors in sulfide nickel matte refinery workers in several epidemiologic studies in different countries and on animal data in which carcinomas were produced in rats by inhalation and injection. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Sufficient. /Nickel refinery dust/
Wistar male rats were exposed to green nickel oxide aerosols (mass media aerodynamic diameter, 0.6 um) for 7 hr/day, 5 days/wk for less than or equal to 12 mo. The avg exposure concn was controlled at 0.3 mg/cu m and 1.2 mg/cu m. Rats were sacrificed following a 3-6 or 12 mo exposure. There were no differences in body wt gain between exposure groups and controls. Lung wt in exposed rats were heavier than those in the control groups. Nickel concn in lung of exposure groups were much higher than those of controls. The nickel concn in liver, kidney, spleen, and blood increased slightly with increased exposure times. The nickel content in lung during the 12 mo exposure was estimated theoretically. The estimated values agreed with the experimental data.
SIGNIFICANT UPTAKE & ACCUM OCCURRED IN 20, 40, & 80 MG NI/L IN 96 HR EXPT. MUSSELS SECRETED BYSSAL THREADS IN CONCN OF 20 MG NI/L, BUT NOT IN HIGHER CONCN.
AFTER ACUTE OR CHRONIC EXPOSURE OF RATS ... BY INHALATION, INCR IN NI OCCUR PREDOMINANTLY IN MICROSOMAL & SUPERNATANT FRACTIONS OF LUNG & LIVER. AFTER CHRONIC EXPOSURE, INCR AMT OF NI ARE ALSO OBSERVED IN NUCLEAR & MITOCHONDRIAL FRACTION OF THE LUNG.
The spectrum of nickel monoxide between 410 and 510 nm: laser-induced fluorescence and dispersed fluorescence measurements
作者:Walter J Balfour、Jianying Cao、Roy H Jensen、Runhua Li
DOI:10.1016/j.cplett.2003.12.089
日期:2004.2
and NO have been studied via laser-induced and dispersed fluorescence spectroscopies. NiC, NiH and NiO species have been detected between 410 and 510 nm. Twenty NiO bands have been rotationally analyzed for the first time and, in most instances, measurements of the 58NiO/60NiO isotopic shifts have been made. Dispersed fluorescence data have been collected at two excitation wavelengths, corresponding
Fourier transform infrared emission spectroscopy of a new A3Πi-X3Σ− system of NiO
作者:R.S. Ram、P.F. Bernath
DOI:10.1016/0022-2852(92)90520-x
日期:1992.10
Abstract A new A3Πi-X3Σ− electronic transition of NiO has been observed in the near infrared region extending from 2.1 to 2.6 μm. The molecule was excited in emission from an Ni hollow cathode discharge and the spectra were observed using a Fourier transform spectrometer. The observed spectrum consists of the 0-0 band for the 3Π0-3Σ1−, 3Π1-3Σ0− subbands and the 1-1 band of the 3Π1-3Σ0− subband. The