Three species of Pseudomonas capable of utilizing atrazine as a sole source of carbon were isolated by enrichment from soil with a long history of atrazine application. Atrazine was metabolized via N-dealkylation with preferential formation of deisopropylatrazine over deethylatrazine. Two of the species were able to carry out the following incubation in glucose-supplemented mineral salts medium.
Deethylatrazine is primarily a mammalian metabolite but can be produced in plants and bacteria. Dealkylation of the ethyl group from the 4 position of the triazine ring yields deethylatrazine.
Manganese enhanced atrazine transformation by the fungus Pleurotus pulmonarius when added to a liquid culture medium at concentration of up to 300 uM. Both N-dealkylated and propylhydroxylated metabolites accumulated in the culture medium, with the former accumulating to a greater extent than did the latter. Lipid peroxidation, oxygenase and peroxidase activities, and the cytochrome P-450 concentration increased. In addition, an increase in the spectral interactions between atrazine and components in the cell extract was observed. Antioxidants, mainly nordihydroguaiaretic acid, which inhibits lipoxygenase, peroxidase, and P-450 activities, and piperonyl butoxide, which inhibits P-450 activity, inhibited atrazine transformation by the mycelium. It is suggested that the stimulation of oxidative activity by manganese might be responsible for increasing the biotransformation of atrazine and for nonspecific transformations of other xenobiotic compounds.
... /Researchers/ examined the postnatal reproductive development of male rats following prenatal exposure to an atrazine metabolite mixture (AMM) consisting of the herbicide atrazine and its environmental metabolites diaminochlorotriazine, hydroxyatrazine, deethylatrazine, and deisopropylatrazine. Pregnant Long-Evans rats were treated by gavage with 0.09, 0.87, or 8.73mg AMM/kg body weight (BW), vehicle, or 100mg ATR/kg BW positive control, on gestation days 15-19. Preputial separation was significantly delayed in 0.87 mg and 8.73mg AMM-exposed males. AMM-exposed males demonstrated a significant treatment-related increase in incidence and severity of inflammation in the prostate on postnatal day (PND) 120. A dose-dependent increase in epididymal fat masses and prostate foci were grossly visible in AMM-exposed offspring. These results indicate that a short, late prenatal exposure to mixture of chlorotriazine metabolites can cause chronic prostatitis in male LE rats. ...
Skin decontamination. Skin contamination should be treated promptly by washing with soap and water. Contamination of the eyes should be treated immediately by prolonged flushing of the eyes with large amounts of clean water. If dermal or ocular irritation persists, medical attention should be obtained without delay. /Other herbicides/
Gastrointestinal decontamination. Ingestions of these herbicides are likely to be followed by vomiting and diarrhea due to their irritant properties. Management depends on: (1) the best estimate of the quantity ingested, (2) time elapsed since ingestion, and (3) the clinical status of the subject. Activated charcoal is probably effective in limiting irritant effects and reducing absorption of most or all of these herbicides. Aluminum hydroxide antacids may be useful in neutralizing the irritant actions of more acidic agents. Sorbitol should be given to induce catharsis if bowel sounds are present and if spontaneous diarrhea has not already commenced. Dehydration and electrolyte disturbances may be severe enough to require oral or intravenous fluids. ... If large amounts of herbicide have been ingested and the patient is seen within an hour of the ingestion, gastrointestinal decontamination should be considered ... . If the amount of ingested herbicides was small, if effective emesis has already occurred, or if treatment is delayed, administer activated charcoal and sorbitol by mouth. /Other herbicides/
Intravenous fluids. If serious dehydration and electrolyte depletion have occurred as a result of vomiting and diarrhea, monitor blood electrolytes and fluid balance and administer intravenous infusions of glucose, normal saline, Ringer's solution, or Ringer's lactate to restore extracellular fluid volume and electrolytes. Follow this with oral nutrients as soon as fluids can be retained. /Other herbicides/
Supportive measures are ordinarily sufficient for successful management of excessive exposures to these herbicides ... . If the patient's condition deteriorates in spite of good supportive care, the operation of an alternative or additional toxicant should be suspected. /Other herbicides/
... The atrazine (ATZ) concentrations in urine samples of the workers collected from an atrazine plant were determined by /a gas chromatograph-electron capture detector/ method /for detecting ATZ and its metabolites (deethylatrazine (DEA), deisopropylatrazine (DIA), deethyldeisopropylatrazine (DEDIA)) in human urine/. The concentration ranges were 0.003 -0.301 mg/L for DEDIA, 0.005 -0.011 mg/L for DEA, 0.006 -0.276 mg/L for DIA, and 0.005 -0.012 mg/L for ATZ.
... After atrazine ingestion, the urine and carcass of treated animals /contained/ atrazine and its metabolites, indicating that atrazine was absorbed through the GI tract. /Atrazine & metabolites/
Cytochrome P450-catalyzed dealkylation of atrazine by<i>Rhodococcus</i>sp. strain NI86/21 involves hydrogen atom transfer rather than single electron transfer
作者：Armin H. Meyer、Agnieszka Dybala-Defratyka、Peter J. Alaimo、Inacrist Geronimo、Ariana D. Sanchez、Christopher J. Cramer、Martin Elsner
DOI：10.1039/c4dt00891j
日期：——
CytochromeP450 enzymes are responsible for a multitude of natural transformation reactions. For oxidativeN-dealkylation, single electron (SET) and hydrogen atom abstraction (HAT) have been debated as underlying mechanisms. Combined evidence from (i) product distribution and (ii) isotope effects indicate that HAT, rather than SET, initiates N-dealkylation of atrazine to desethyl- and desisopropylatrazine
Evaluation of photolysis and hydrolysis of atrazine and its first degradation products in the presence of humic acids
作者：Helena Prosen、Lucija Zupančič-Kralj
DOI：10.1016/j.envpol.2004.06.015
日期：2005.2
Relative importance of hydrolysis and photolysis of atrazine and its degradation products in aqueous solutions with dissolved humic acids (HA) has been assessed under exposure to sunlight and under UV irradiation. Quantum yield for direct photolysis of atrazine at 254 nm was 0.037 mol photon(-1), the reaction order was 0.8. Atrazine, desethylatrazine and desisopropylatrazine converted to their 2-hydroxy
Degradation Kinetics of Atrazine and Its Degradation Products with Ozone and OH Radicals: A Predictive Tool for Drinking Water Treatment
作者：Juan L. Acero、Konrad Stemmler、Urs von Gunten
DOI：10.1021/es990724e
日期：2000.2.1
ylimino-s-triazine). The contribution of the different pathways (direct ozone and OH radical reaction) to the overall degradation process has been quantified, and the rateconstants of the reactions of atrazine and its main degradation products with both oxidants have been measured. The ethyl group is more reactive than the isopropyl group (i.e. 19 times during...
Metalloporphyrins as Biomimetic Models for Cytochrome P-450 in the Oxidation of Atrazine
作者：Maria C. A. F. Gotardo、Luiz A. B. de Moraes、Marilda D. Assis
DOI：10.1021/jf062462n
日期：2006.12.1
P-450 in the oxidation of atrazine, a herbicide. The commercially available second-generation metalloporphyrins 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(2,6-dichlorophenyl)porphyrin metal(III) chloride [M(TDCPP)Cl] and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin metal(III) chloride [M(TFPP)Cl] (metal = Fe or Mn) and the oxidants iodosylbenzene and metachloroperbenzoic acid were employed in this study. Results showed
The process of atrazine degradation, its mechanism, and the formation of metabolites using UV and UV/MW photolysis
作者：Ailton. J. Moreira、Aline C. Borges、Luis F.C. Gouvea、Tatiana C.O. MacLeod、Gian P.G. Freschi
DOI：10.1016/j.jphotochem.2017.07.022
日期：2017.10
degradationmechanism of atrazine using a UV reactor andUV/MW (electrodeless discharge lamp (Hg-EDL)) was investigated. After 120 s of UVphotolysis partial degradation of atrazine had been observed and a subsequent formation of degradation products of atrazine-2-hydroxy, therefore, defining the path of atrazine degradation through UVphotolysis. This system after 1200 s of exposure to UV radiation had not reached
