氟化锰(III) | 7783-53-1

• 物质功能分类: 无机化工 - 无机盐 - 金属卤化物及卤酸盐
• 分子结构分类: 无机化合物 - 混合金属/非金属化合物 - 过渡金属盐
• 中文名称: 氟化锰(III)
• 中文别名: 三氟化锰
• 英文名称: manganese(III) fluoride
• 英文别名: manganese trifluoride；trifluoromanganese
• CAS: 7783-53-1
• 化学式: F₃Mn
• 分子量: 111.933
• InChiKey: SRVINXWCFNHIQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-K

物化性质

• 熔点：
  decomposes at >600℃ [KIR81]
• 密度：
  3.54 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
• 溶解度：
  与H2O反应
• 暴露限值：
  a/nm
• 稳定性/保质期：
  如果按照规格使用和储存，则不会分解。避免接触酸和水分/潮湿。红色晶体，在600℃以上会分解为二氟化锰和氟。与水发生水解反应，可以溶于酸中，100mL HF在11.5℃下能溶解0.164g MnF3。在工业上和有机合成中用作氟化剂。

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  -8.99
• 重原子数：
  4
• 可旋转键数：
  0
• 环数：
  0.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.0
• 拓扑面积：
  0
• 氢给体数：
  0
• 氢受体数：
  3

ADMET

代谢

锰主要通过摄入被吸收，但也可以通过吸入。它在血浆中与α-2-巨球蛋白、白蛋白或转铁蛋白结合，并分布到大脑和所有其他哺乳动物组织，尽管它倾向于在肝脏、胰腺和肾脏中积累更多。锰能够存在于多种氧化状态，并且据信在体内会发生氧化状态的变化。锰的氧化状态可以影响组织的毒物动力学行为，也可能影响毒性。锰主要通过粪便排出。(L228)

Manganese is absorbed mainly via ingestion, but can also be inhaled. It binds to alpha-2-macroglobulin, albumin, or transferrin in the plasma and is distributed to the brain and all other mammalian tissues, though it tends to accumulate more in the liver, pancreas, and kidney. Manganese is capable of existing in a number of oxidation states and is believed to undergo changes in oxidation state within the body. Manganese oxidation state can influence tissue toxicokinetic behavior, and possibly toxicity. Manganese is excreted primarily in the faeces. (L228)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 毒性总结

锰是一种细胞毒素，可以损害运输系统、酶活性和受体功能。它主要针对中枢神经系统，尤其是基底神经节中的苍白球。人们认为，锰离子Mn(II)增强了各种胞内儿茶酚胺的自动氧化或转换，导致自由基、活性氧种和其他细胞毒素代谢产物的产生增加，同时耗尽细胞的抗氧化防御机制，导致氧化损伤和选择性破坏多巴胺能神经元。除了多巴胺，还认为锰会干扰其他神经递质，如GABA和谷氨酸。为了产生氧化损伤，锰必须首先克服抗氧化酶超氧化物歧化酶。Mn(II)的神经毒性还与其在生理条件下替代Ca(II)的能力有关。它可以通过钙单向转运体进入线粒体并抑制线粒体氧化磷酸化。它还可能抑制Ca(II)的外流，这可能导致线粒体膜完整性的丧失。Mn(II)已被证明能显著抑制线粒体顺乌头酸酶活性，改变氨基酸代谢和细胞铁稳态。(L228)

Manganese is a cellular toxicant that can impair transport systems, enzyme activities, and receptor functions. It primarily targets the central nervous system, particularily the globus pallidus of the basal ganglia. It is believed that the manganese ion, Mn(II), enhances the autoxidation or turnover of various intracellular catecholamines, leading to increased production of free radicals, reactive oxygen species, and other cytotoxic metabolites, along with a depletion of cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms, leading to oxidative damage and selective destruction of dopaminergic neurons. In addition to dopamine, manganese is thought to perturbations other neurotransmitters, such as GABA and glutamate. In order to produce oxidative damage, manganese must first overwhelm the antioxidant enzyme manganese superoxide dismutase. The neurotoxicity of Mn(II) has also been linked to its ability to substitute for Ca(II) under physiological conditions. It can enter mitochondria via the calcium uniporter and inhibit mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. It may also inhibit the efflux of Ca(II), which can result in a loss of mitochondrial membrane integrity. Mn(II) has been shown to inhibit mitochondrial aconitase activity to a significant level, altering amino acid metabolism and cellular iron homeostasis. (L228)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 致癌物分类

对人类不具有致癌性（未被国际癌症研究机构IARC列名）。

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 健康影响

锰主要影响神经系统，可能导致行为改变和其他神经系统效应，包括动作可能变得缓慢和笨拙。这种症状组合在足够严重时被称为“锰中毒”。

Manganese mainly affects the nervous system and may cause behavioral changes and other nervous system effects, which include movements that may become slow and clumsy. This combination of symptoms when sufficiently severe is referred to as “manganism”. (L228)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 暴露途径

口服（L228）；吸入（L228）

Oral (L228) ; inhalation (L228)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 症状

锰主要影响神经系统，可能导致行为改变和其他神经系统效应，包括动作可能变得缓慢和笨拙。这种症状组合在足够严重时被称为“锰中毒”。

Manganese mainly affects the nervous system and may cause behavioral changes and other nervous system effects, which include movements that may become slow and clumsy. This combination of symptoms when sufficiently severe is referred to as “manganism”. (L228)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

安全信息

• TSCA：
  Yes
• 危险等级：
  6.1
• 危险品标志：
  O,Xn
• 安全说明：
  S17,S26,S36/37/39
• 危险类别码：
  R8,R20/21/22,R36/37/38
• WGK Germany：
  3
• 危险品运输编号：
  UN 3087 5.1/PG 2
• RTECS号：
  OP0882600
• 包装等级：
  III
• 危险类别：
  6.1
• 危险标志：
  GHS03,GHS06
• 危险性描述：
  H272,H301,H312 + H332,H315,H319,H335
• 危险性防范说明：
  P210,P220,P261,P280,P370 + P378
• 储存条件：
  请将贮藏器密封，并将其放入一个紧密封装的容器中。建议存放在阴凉、干燥的地方。

SDS

Name:	Manganese(III) fluoride, 99% Material Safety Data Sheet
Synonym:	Manganese trifluoride; Manganic fluoride.
CAS:	7783-53-1

Section 1 - Chemical Product MSDS Name: Manganese(III) fluoride, 99% Material Safety Data Sheet
Synonym: Manganese trifluoride; Manganic fluoride.

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SECTION 2 - COMPOSITION, INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS

CAS#	Chemical Name	content	EINECS#
7783-53-1	Manganese(III) fluoride	99	232-006-6

Hazard Symbols: XI
Risk Phrases: 36/37/38

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SECTION 3 - HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION EMERGENCY OVERVIEW Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin.Moisture sensitive. Potential Health Effects
Eye:
Causes eye irritation.
Skin:
Causes skin irritation. Prolonged contact with the skin, especially if the skin is wet or moist, causes necrosis.
Ingestion:
May cause irritation of the digestive tract.
Inhalation:
Causes respiratory tract irritation.
Chronic:
Chronic inhalation or ingestion may result in manganism characterized by neurological symptoms such as headache, apathy, and weakness of the legs, followed by psychosis and neurological symptoms similar to those of Parkinson's disease. May impair fertility. Other chronic effects from inhaling high amounts of manganese include an increased incidence of cough and bronchitis and susceptibility to infectious lung disease.

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SECTION 4 - FIRST AID MEASURES
Eyes:
Flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the upper and lower eyelids. Get medical aid immediately.
Skin:
Get medical aid. Flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes.
Ingestion:
Do not induce vomiting. If victim is conscious and alert, give 2-4 cupfuls of milk or water. Get medical aid immediately.
Inhalation:
Remove from exposure and move to fresh air immediately. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. Get medical aid.
Notes to Physician:

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SECTION 5 - FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES
General Information:
As in any fire, wear a self-contained breathing apparatus in pressure-demand, MSHA/NIOSH (approved or equivalent), and full protective gear.
Extinguishing Media:
Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide.

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SECTION 6 - ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES
General Information: Use proper personal protective equipment as indicated in Section 8.
Spills/Leaks:
Vacuum or sweep up material and place into a suitable disposal container. Avoid generating dusty conditions. Provide ventilation. Do not expose spill to water. Do not get water inside containers.

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SECTION 7 - HANDLING and STORAGE
Handling:
Use with adequate ventilation. Keep container tightly closed. Do not get on skin or in eyes. Avoid ingestion and inhalation.
Storage:
Store in a cool, dry place. Store in a tightly closed container. Store protected from moisture.

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SECTION 8 - EXPOSURE CONTROLS, PERSONAL PROTECTION
Engineering Controls:
Use process enclosure, local exhaust ventilation, or other engineering controls to control airborne levels below recommended exposure limits. Facilities storing or utilizing this material should be equipped with an eyewash facility and a safety shower. Exposure Limits CAS# 7783-53-1: United Kingdom, WEL - TWA: (listed as manganese, inorganic compounds): 0.5 mg/m3 TWA United Kingdom, WEL - STEL: (listed as manganese, inorganic compounds): 1.5 mg/m3 STEL
United States OSHA: 5 mg/m3 Ceiling (as Mn) (listed under Mangan compounds, n.o.s.). Belgium - TWA: (listed as manganese compounds, n.o.s.): 0.2 mg/m3 (as Mn)
Japan: (listed as manganese compounds, n.o.s.): 0.3 mg/m3 OEL (ex organic compounds, as Mn)
Malaysia: (listed as manganese, inorganic compounds): 0.2 mg/m3 T (as Mn)
Netherlands: (listed as manganese compounds, n.o.s.): 3 mg/m3 STE (as Mn)
Netherlands: (listed as manganese compounds, n.o.s.): 1 mg/m3 MAC Mn)
Spain: (listed as manganese, inorganic compounds): 0.2 mg/m3 VLA- (as Mn) Personal Protective Equipment
Eyes:
Wear appropriate protective eyeglasses or chemical safety goggles as described by OSHA's eye and face protection regulations in 29 CFR 1910.133 or European Standard EN166.
Skin:
Wear appropriate protective gloves to prevent skin exposure.
Clothing:
Wear appropriate protective clothing to prevent skin exposure.
Respirators:
Follow the OSHA respirator regulations found in 29 CFR 1910.134 or European Standard EN 149. Use a NIOSH/MSHA or European Standard EN 149 approved respirator if exposure limits are exceeded or if irritation or other symptoms are experienced.

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SECTION 9 - PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Physical State: Crystals
Color: red-purple
Odor: Not available.
pH: Not available.
Vapor Pressure: Not available.
Viscosity: Not available.
Boiling Point: Not available.
Freezing/Melting Point: Not available.
Autoignition Temperature: Not available.
Flash Point: Not available.
Explosion Limits, lower: Not available.
Explosion Limits, upper: Not available.
Decomposition Temperature:
Solubility in water: Hydrolysis.
Specific Gravity/Density: 3.54
Molecular Formula: F3Mn
Molecular Weight: 111.93

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SECTION 10 - STABILITY AND REACTIVITY
Chemical Stability:
Stable under normal temperatures and pressures.
Conditions to Avoid:
Moisture, excess heat.
Incompatibilities with Other Materials:
Strong bases, water, strong reducing agents, organic matter, combustible organics.
Hazardous Decomposition Products:
Fluoride fumes, oxides of manganese.
Hazardous Polymerization: Has not been reported

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SECTION 11 - TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION RTECS#: CAS# 7783-53-1: OP0882600
LD50/LC50:
CAS# 7783-53-1: Inhalation, mouse: LC50 = 320 mg/m3; Oral, mouse: LD50 = 86 mg/kg.
Carcinogenicity:
Manganese(III) fluoride - Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, or NTP.
Other:
See actual entry in RTECS for complete information.

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SECTION 12 - ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION

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SECTION 13 - DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS Dispose of in a manner consistent with federal, state, and local regulations.

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SECTION 14 - TRANSPORT INFORMATION IATA Not regulated as a hazardous material. IMO Not regulated as a hazardous material. RID/ADR Not regulated as a hazardous material.

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SECTION 15 - REGULATORY INFORMATION European/International Regulations European Labeling in Accordance with EC Directives
Hazard Symbols: XI
Risk Phrases:
R 36/37/38 Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin.
Safety Phrases:
S 22 Do not breathe dust. S 24/25 Avoid contact with skin and eyes. S 36/37/39 Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection. WGK (Water Danger/Protection) CAS# 7783-53-1: No information available. Canada CAS# 7783-53-1 is listed on Canada's NDSL List. CAS# 7783-53-1 is not listed on Canada's Ingredient Disclosure List. US FEDERAL TSCA CAS# 7783-53-1 is listed on the TSCA inventory.

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SECTION 16 - ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
MSDS Creation Date: 1/27/1998 Revision #3 Date: 9/03/2004 The information above is believed to be accurate and represents the best information currently available to us. However, we make no warranty of merchantability or any other warranty, express or implied, with respect to such information, and we assume no liability resulting from its use. Users should make their own investigations to determine the suitability of the information for their particular purposes. In no way shall the company be liable for any claims, losses, or damages of any third party or for lost profits or any special, indirect, incidental, consequential or exemplary damages, howsoever arising, even if the company has been advised of the possibility of such damages.

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SECTION 16 - ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
N/A

制备方法与用途

用途

固态法制备Na3MnF6的原料，进一步用于高压结构测定研究。

生产方法

锰、碳化锰或氯化锰与氟直接作用可得到MnF₂及MnF₃的混合物。而碘化锰(Ⅱ)与氟作用则得到纯MnF₃。MnF₃加热时即失去部分氟而生成低价氟化物。

MnF₃最好由碘化锰(Ⅲ)氟化形成，它为固体。虽然其分解压力在600℃时低于10.1325kPa（0.1大气压），但加热时仍放出氟。它是一个强氟化剂，加热即与硫、硼、硅、碳、三氯化磷及四氯化碳作用，并被用于氟化气态的碳氢化合物。

Mn₂O₃溶于氢氟酸并将此溶液浓缩结晶，或将高锰酸钾在氢氟酸中以低锰盐还原就得到水合氟化锰MnF₃·3H₂O。此化合物溶于冷水且不分解，并在有氢氟酸存在时于热水中亦很稳定。无水三氟化锰在水中慢慢分解为二氟化锰、水合二氧化锰及氟化氢。

类别

腐蚀物质

毒性分级

高毒

急性毒性

• 口服：小鼠 LD₅₀: 86 毫克/公斤
• 吸入：小鼠 LC₅₀: 320 毫克/立方米

可燃性危险特性

与水反应产生腐蚀性氢氟酸

储运特性

库房低温、通风、干燥；防潮，密闭封存；与氧化剂及酸分开存放

灭火剂

二氧化碳、干粉

反应信息

• 作为反应物：
  描述：

  氟化锰(III) 在 NaF 作用下， 以 neat (no solvent) 为溶剂， 生成 trisodium hexafluoromanganate(III)
  参考文献：
  名称：

  Englich, Ulrich; Massa, Werner; Tressaud, A., Acta Crystallographica, Section C: Crystal Structure Communications, 1992, vol. 48, p. 6 - 8

  摘要：

  DOI：
• 作为产物：
  描述：

  silver(II) hexafluoromanganate(IV) 以 neat (no solvent) 为溶剂， 生成 氟化锰(III)
  参考文献：
  名称：

  Hoppe, R.; Siebert, G., Zeitschrift fur Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie

  摘要：

  DOI：
• 作为试剂：
  描述：

  三氟化氯 、 氙气 在 氟化锰(III) 作用下， 以 neat (no solvent) 为溶剂， 生成 二氟代氙
  参考文献：
  名称：

  Mit'kin, V. N.; Zemskov, S. V., Inorganic Materials, 1981, vol. 17, p. 1410 - 1417

  摘要：

  DOI：

文献信息

• Fluoride-Rich, Hydrofluorothermal Routes to Functional Transition Metal (Mn, Fe, Co, Cu) Fluorophosphates
  作者：Jennifer A. Armstrong、Edward R. Williams、Mark T. Weller

  DOI：10.1021/ja201096b

  日期：2011.6.1

  Hydrofluorothermal methods are shown to offer a facile route to a very large family of mid-late first row, transition metal fluorophosphates with 50 new compounds identified to date for manganese(III), iron(III), cobalt(II), and copper(II). Reactions of a transition metal fluoride with a phosphate source in a very low-water, high-fluoride content system and in the presence of framework charge balancing

  氢氟热法被证明为一个非常大的中后期第一排过渡金属氟磷酸盐家族提供了一条简便的途径，其中包含迄今为止已鉴定出的 50 种新化合物，包括锰 (III)、铁 (III)、钴 (II) 和铜 (二）。过渡金属氟化物与磷酸盐源在极低水、高氟化物含量的系统中以及在骨架电荷平衡金属阳离子或模板分子阳离子的存在下发生反应，产生具有由连接的 M(O,F) 形成的结构的材料)(n) 和 P(O,F)(n) 多面体。这些材料的结构包含各种 1、2 和 3 维图案，其骨架终止水平取决于它们的氟化物含量，显示出许多有用的功能和应用特性。这些氟磷酸盐材料的新的和不寻常的特征包括内衬氟离子的层间空间或通道、金属多面体、M(O,F)(n)、通过顶点、边缘或面共享连接，以及 μ(2)、μ (3) 和 μ(4) 桥接氟离子。报告了对这些金属氟磷酸盐中的一些性质的初步表征，包括锂离子电池正极感兴趣的还原性锂离子嵌入、离子交换反
• Phase Transition in Cs2KMnF6: Crystal Structures of Low- and High-Temperature Modifications
  作者：Y. Xu、S. Carlson、A. Sjödin、R. Norrestam

  DOI：10.1006/jssc.1999.8613

  日期：2000.3

  Crystalline Cs2KMnF6, when prepared below 500°C, adopts a tetragonal elpasolite structure type. Differential scanning calorimetric investigations indicated that Cs2KMnF6 undergoes a phase transition from the low-temperature tetragonal phase (LT) to a high-temperature phase (HT) at about 530°C. Single crystals of the new HT phase could be obtained by annealing a crystalline LT specimen at 600°C followed

  当在低于500℃下制备时，晶体Cs 2 KMnF 6采用四方辉石结构类型。差示扫描量热研究表明，Cs 2 KMnF 6在约530°C经历了从低温四方相（LT）到高温相（HT）的相变。新的HT相的单晶可通过将LT晶体样品在600°C退火，然后快速淬火至室温来获得。在本研究中，已经通过单晶X射线衍射技术研究了两相的结构。LT相具有四边形空间群对称性I 4 / mmm，其晶胞参数a = 6.319（1）（a · = 8.936），c = 9.257（2）Å，Z = 2。HT相具有立方对称Fm3m，单元参数a = 9.067Å，Z = 4。相对于收集的单晶X射线反射数据，LT和HT相的结构模型已经得到改进，R值分别为0.034和0.022。LT形式的Mn-F键间距分布不均匀，四个键为1.860（6），两个键为2.034（9）Å，通常用于八面体配位的高自旋Mn 3+离子受Jahn–Teller效应的
• High-Pressure Phase Transition in Cs2KMnF6
  作者：Y. Xu、K. Söderberg、R. Norrestam

  DOI：10.1006/jssc.2000.8748

  日期：2000.9

  (HT) form of Cs2KMnF6, with an elpasolite structure, is studied at elevated pressures. The present study shows that the HT form of Cs2KMnF6 undergoes a pressure-induced phase transition at 40 kbar to a more ordered high-pressure (HP) phase of lower symmetry. The space group symmetry of the HP phase, I4/mmm, is the same as that observed for the low-temperature (LT) phase. High-pressure studies performed

  在升高的压力下研究了立方形结构的Cs 2 KMnF 6立方高温（HT）的稳定性。本研究表明，Cs 2 KMnF 6的HT形式在40 kbar压力诱导的相转变为较低对称性的更有序的高压（HP）相。HP相的空间群对称性为I 4 / mmm，与低温（LT）相的空间群对称性相同。在LT相上进行的高压研究表明，直至50 kbar都没有转变，并提供了与HP相相似的可压缩性。单晶X在44 kbar下收集HP相的X射线衍射数据。针对69个独立的有效反射细化9个结构参数，得出的线性R值为0.072（wR = 0.086）。位置参数的值与在环境条件下对LT相观察到的值一致。HT形式的转变特性取决于所使用的晶体质量和/或压力传递介质。在低温和环境压力下将液态氩加载到压力传感器中时，转变压力变为30 kbar。在环境条件下加载甲醇：乙醇：水时，在40 kbar处观察到转变。
• Synthesis and X-ray Structure of the Mn^IICl₂ and Mn^IIIF₂ Complexes of <i>N,N</i><i>‘</i>-Dimethyl-2,11-diaza[3,3](2,6)pyridinophane. High-Field Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and Density Funtional Theory Studies of the Mn(III) Complex. Evidence for a Low-Lying Spin Triplet State
  作者：Belén Albela、Riccardo Carina、Clotilde Policar、Sandrine Poussereau、Joan Cano、Jean Guilhem、Luba Tchertanov、Geneviève Blondin、Michel Delroisse、Jean-Jacques Girerd

  DOI：10.1021/ic048302f

  日期：2005.10.1

  Two manganese complexes, (py2(NMe)2)MnIICl2 (1) and [(py2(NMe)2)MnIIIF2]+ (2), are here described with the macrocyclic ligand py2(NMe)2 (py2(NMe)2 = N,N'-dimethyl-2,11-diaza[3,3](2,6)pyridinophane). For both, the crystal structure is reported. The UV-visible spectrum of 2 exhibits a very broad near-infrared (NIR) band corresponding to the transition between the two e(g)-type orbitals split by the Jahn-Teller

  此处描述了两种锰配合物（py2（NMe）2）MnIICl2（1）和[（py2（NMe）2）MnIIIF2] +（2），其中大环配体py2（NMe）2（py2（NMe）2 = N，N′-二甲基-2，11-二氮杂[3，3]（2，6）吡啶并oph]。对于两者，都报道了晶体结构。2的紫外可见光谱显示出非常宽的近红外（NIR）谱带，该谱带对应于由Jahn-Teller效应分裂的两个e（g）型轨道之间的跃迁。约D的负D值。通过高场和高频电子顺磁共振（HF-EPR）光谱估计-4 cm（-1），这与对称性考虑因素一致。对2的密度泛函理论（DFT）计算支持从X射线结构预测的5B1电子基态。此外，为了解释D参数的大值，假定自旋三重态的第一激发自旋态以低能量发生。DFT计算证实了这一点。
• In Situ Very-High-Energy Diffraction Studies of Thermal Decomposition of Transition Metal Trifluorides
  作者：Julietta V. Rau、Valerio Rossi Albertini、Norbert S. Chilingarov、Marco Di Michiel、Stefano Colonna、Ilya N. Ioffe、Lev N. Sidorov

  DOI：10.1246/bcsj.76.1165

  日期：2003.6

  The thermal decomposition of transition metal trifluorides MF3 (M = Mn, Fe, Co) was studied by collecting sequences of very-high-energy (89 keV) synchrotron radiation diffraction patterns. The real-time evolution of the crystal lattices was followed as a function of temperature and it was observed that the transition from MF3 to MF2 is generally accompanied by the formation of intermediate short-living phases –M2F5. One of them –Co2F5– is a phase which had never been observed before.

  通过收集极高能 (89 keV) 同步辐射衍射图案序列，研究了过渡金属三氟化物 MF3（M = Mn、Fe、Co）的热分解。跟踪晶格随温度变化的实时演化，观察到从 MF3 到 MF2 的转变通常伴随着中间短寿命相 – M2F5 的形成。其中之一——Co2F5——是以前从未观察到的相。