四氨基二氯化钯(II)

• 分子结构分类: 无机化合物 - 混合金属/非金属化合物 - 过渡金属盐
• 中文名称: 四氨基二氯化钯(II)
• 中文别名: 四氨基二氯化钯；四氨基二氯化钯(+2)
• 英文名称: tetraamminepalladium(II) chloride
• 英文别名: dichlorotetraamminepalladium (II)；azane;palladium(2+);dichloride
• 化学式: Cl₂H₁₂N₄Pd
• 分子量: 245.448
• InChiKey: AQBOUNVXZQRXNP-UHFFFAOYSA-L

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  2.02
• 重原子数：
  7
• 可旋转键数：
  0
• 环数：
  0.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.0
• 拓扑面积：
  4
• 氢给体数：
  4
• 氢受体数：
  4

ADMET

代谢

钯可能通过口服、皮肤接触和吸入暴露而被吸收。一旦进入体内，它会分布到肾脏、肝脏、脾脏、淋巴结、肾上腺、肺和骨骼中。钯能够形成配合物的能力使它能够与氨基酸、蛋白质、DNA和其他大分子结合。钯及其代谢物通过尿液和粪便排出体外。(A21)

Palladium may be absorbed through oral, dermal, and inhalation exposure. Once in the body it distributes to the kidney, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, adrenal gland, lung and bone. Palladium's ability to form complexes allows it the bind to amino acids, proteins, DNA, and other macromolecules. Palladium and its metabolites are excreted in the urine and faeces. (A21)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 毒性总结

由于钯离子能够与无机和有机配体形成稳定的络合物，它们可以干扰细胞平衡，取代其他必需离子，并与大分子如蛋白质或DNA的功能团发生相互作用。与DNA和RNA结合的钯络合物会导致链断裂。钯离子能够抑制大多数主要的细胞功能，包括DNA和RNA的合成。钯化合物已被证明能够结合并抑制多种酶，包括肌酸激酶和脯氨酰羟化酶。

Due to their ability to form strong complexes with both inorganic and organic ligands, palladium ions can disturb cellular equilibria, replace other essential ions, and interact with functional groups of macromolecules, such as proteins or DNA. Palladium complexes binding to DNA and RNA leads to strand breakage. Palladium ions are able to inhibit most major cellular functions, including DNA and RNA synthesis. Palladium compounds have been shown to bind to and inhibit various enzymes, including creatine kinase and prolyl hydroxylase. (L798)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 致癌物分类

对人类不具有致癌性（未被国际癌症研究机构IARC列名）。

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 健康影响

与钯接触可能会导致钯敏感和过敏。动物研究显示钯可能会对肝脏和肾脏造成损害。

Contact with palladium may cause palladium sensitivity and allergy. Animal studies have shown that palladium may damage the liver and kidney. (L798)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 症状

皮肤接触钯可能会导致接触性皮炎、红斑和水肿。

Skin contact with palladium may cause contact dermatitis, erythema, and oedema. (L798)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 暴露处理

眼睛：在流动水下冲洗睁开的眼部几分钟。 吞咽：不要催吐。用水漱口（绝不要给昏迷的人口服任何东西）。寻求立即的医疗建议。 皮肤：应立即处理，将受影响的部位在流动的冷水中冲洗至少15分钟，然后用肥皂和水彻底清洗。如有必要，人员应淋浴并更换受污染的衣物和鞋子，然后必须寻求医疗注意。 吸入：提供新鲜空气。如有必要，提供人工呼吸。

EYES: irrigate opened eyes for several minutes under running water. INGESTION: do not induce vomiting. Rinse mouth with water (never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person). Seek immediate medical advice. SKIN: should be treated immediately by rinsing the affected parts in cold running water for at least 15 minutes, followed by thorough washing with soap and water. If necessary, the person should shower and change contaminated clothing and shoes, and then must seek medical attention. INHALATION: supply fresh air. If required provide artificial respiration.

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

反应信息

• 作为反应物：
  描述：

  四氨基二氯化钯(II) 在 NH₄Cl 、 NH₃*H₂O 作用下， 以 水 为溶剂， 生成 钯
  参考文献：
  名称：

  A novel electrochemical sensor for formaldehyde based on palladium nanowire arrays electrode in alkaline media

  摘要：

  A novel electrochemical sensor for the detection of formaldehyde based on palladium (Pd) nanowire (NW) arrays was developed. The Pd NW arrays were obtained via the direct electrodeposition of Pd on a glassy carbon electrode within the pores of an anodized aluminum oxide membrane. The electrocatalytic activity of the Pd NW arrays electrode for formaldehyde detection in alkaline media was then investigated via a series of electrochemical measurements; the results show the very high catalytic activity of the electrode. The formaldehyde oxidation on the Pd NW arrays electrode at +0.03 V. which is more negative than that in previous report. The experimental data further reveal that the electrooxidation of formaldehyde inhibits the formation of the poisonous intermediate, carbon monoxide. The proposed sensor has high sensitivity and fast response to formaldehyde, and the oxidation current has a linear relationship with the formaldehyde concentration in the 2 mu M to 1 mM range (R = 0.9982). The detection limit was 0.5 mu M (S/N = 3). The sensor has high sensitivity and good selectivity. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  DOI：

  10.1016/j.electacta.2012.02.050
• 作为产物：
  描述：

  ammonium hydroxide 、 二氯化二氨络钯氯化氨钯 以 水 为溶剂， 生成 四氨基二氯化钯(II)
  参考文献：
  名称：

  一种醋酸四氨钯(Ⅱ)的制备方法

  摘要：

  一种醋酸四氨钯(Ⅱ)的制备方法，包括以下步骤：将二氯二氨钯(Ⅱ)溶于氨水中得到二氯四氨钯(Ⅱ)溶液，再依次与草酸铵、醋酸反应生成醋酸四氨钯(Ⅱ)溶液，最后通过浓缩后溶媒结晶析出得到醋酸四氨钯(Ⅱ)晶体，再经真空干燥得到纯度≥99.95％的醋酸四氨钯(Ⅱ)。本发明中起始原料二氯二氨钯(Ⅱ)为钯的常规化合物，原料易得且产率高，其他辅料氨水、草酸铵以及醋酸价格便宜，大大降低了生产成本；另外，该方法不仅避免了氯离子和硝酸根离子的残留，还降低了产物中银离子的残留。本发明在常温常压下进行，操作简单、易于控制，反应产率高(>95％)，产物纯度高(≥99.95％)，适用于醋酸四氨钯(Ⅱ)的批量和工业化生产。

  公开号：

  CN109897070B
• 作为试剂：
  描述：

  苯硼酸 、 对溴苯乙酸 在 四氨基二氯化钯(II) 、 C₂₆H₃₄O₅PS^(1-)*Na⁽¹⁺⁾ 、 sodium carbonate 作用下， 以 四氢呋喃 、 aq. phosphate buffer 为溶剂， 以75 %的产率得到4-联苯乙酸
  参考文献：
  名称：

  通过生物催化级联与化学催化相结合将芳基烯烃对映异构化为多种联芳基链烷酸

  摘要：

  化学酶反应在不对称合成方面受到了极大的关注，但大多数报道的系统仅使用一步或两步酶反应进行相对简单的功能化，并且基于化学酶序列，该序列受到酶底物范围的限制。在此，我们报告了“多酶级联─化学催化”概念，通过酶-化学序列，通过整合多步生物级联引入功能性和对映选择性，对简单底物进行复杂的不对称功能化，并通过强大的化学催化使产品范围多样化。通过环氧化-异构化工程，从容易获得的芳基烯烃中对映异构合成12 种结构不同的 ( S )- 和 ( R )-2-联芳基丙酸（94–97% ee；高达 >99% 转化率） ，成功证明了这一概念–含有对映体互补酶并与 Pd 催化交叉偶联结合的氧化生物级联。酶化学策略扩展到 NSAID 药物 ( S )-氟比洛芬、( S )-酮洛芬和联苯乙酸的高产合成。这一概念能够简化每种类型的催化剂单独或化学酶序列无法实现的合成路线。

  DOI：

  10.1021/acscatal.3c03456

文献信息

• 一种四（三苯基膦）钯(0)催化剂的合成方法
  申请人：浙江微通催化新材料有限公司

  公开号：CN114456210A

  公开（公告）日：2022-05-10

  本发明涉及催化剂合成技术领域，本发明公开了一种四（三苯基膦）钯(0)催化剂的合成方法，包括：将二价钯前体和三苯基膦于有机溶剂中加热反应得到二（三苯基膦）钯(II)配合物，以在一定温度下还原，再和过量的三苯基膦配位得到四（三苯基膦）钯(0)；经冷却、结晶、过滤、洗涤和干燥后，得到目标产物。本发明选用的二价钯前体为易合成、高纯度的钯配合物，能在反应过程中解离出碱以中和生成的酸，反应溶剂为高沸点、高稳定性的无硫环保极性溶剂。该工艺收率高，制备的四（三苯基膦）钯(0)纯度高，稳定性好，无含硫杂质残留，适合医药行业使用。
• Catalysis in membrane reformers: a high-performance catalytic system for hydrogen production from methane
  作者：P FERREIRAAPARICIO、M BENITO、K KOUACHI、S MENAD

  DOI：10.1016/j.jcat.2004.12.025

  日期：2005.4.25

  A palladium membrane reactor has been designed and sized to be applied to the dry reforming of methane for pure hydrogen production at a small scale. Three different parameters affecting the reactor operation have been adjusted to tune the reformer and optimise its performance: the extraction conditions, the CO2/CH4 ratio in the reactant mixture composition, and the reactants feed flow rate. By forcing H-2 extraction and adjusting the rates of hydrogen production in the reactor and hydrogen permeation through the Pd membrane, it has been possible to obtain very high CH4 conversion for mixtures with CO2/CH4 ratios above unity. Reactant mixtures with CO2/CH4 ratios close to 2 offered the best results: high H2 recovery yields (above 95%) and lower carbon deposition in the catalysts under the severe conditions imposed by the membrane reactor operation. Hydrogen extraction from the reaction side has been shown to enhance the carbon deposition rate on nickel-based reforming catalysts, in which the formation of low-reactivity carbon in the form of fibres has been observed. The dispersion of nickel on high oxygen mobility Supports, such as Ce-Zr mixed oxides (Ce0.5Zr0.5O2), which are chemically stable under reaction conditions, results in highly efficient catalysts capable of keeping their Surface free of inactive carbon deposits. This kind of oxide provides an extra source of oxygen that equilibrates the net rates of carbon deposition and removal on the nickel surface, thus avoiding the accumulation of carbon in the catalyst. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
• Antonov, P. G.; Zhamsueva, T. Ts.; Agapov, I. A., Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry, 1993, vol. 66, # 12.1, p. 2030 - 2035
  作者：Antonov, P. G.、Zhamsueva, T. Ts.、Agapov, I. A.、Konovalov, L. V.

  DOI：——

  日期：——
• Laligant, Y., European Journal of Solid State and Inorganic Chemistry
  作者：Laligant, Y.

  DOI：——

  日期：——
• A novel electrochemical sensor for formaldehyde based on palladium nanowire arrays electrode in alkaline media
  作者：Yan Zhang、Min Zhang、Zhiquan Cai、Meiqiong Chen、Faliang Cheng

  DOI：10.1016/j.electacta.2012.02.050

  日期：2012.4

  A novel electrochemical sensor for the detection of formaldehyde based on palladium (Pd) nanowire (NW) arrays was developed. The Pd NW arrays were obtained via the direct electrodeposition of Pd on a glassy carbon electrode within the pores of an anodized aluminum oxide membrane. The electrocatalytic activity of the Pd NW arrays electrode for formaldehyde detection in alkaline media was then investigated via a series of electrochemical measurements; the results show the very high catalytic activity of the electrode. The formaldehyde oxidation on the Pd NW arrays electrode at +0.03 V. which is more negative than that in previous report. The experimental data further reveal that the electrooxidation of formaldehyde inhibits the formation of the poisonous intermediate, carbon monoxide. The proposed sensor has high sensitivity and fast response to formaldehyde, and the oxidation current has a linear relationship with the formaldehyde concentration in the 2 mu M to 1 mM range (R = 0.9982). The detection limit was 0.5 mu M (S/N = 3). The sensor has high sensitivity and good selectivity. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.