Bromine is mainly absorbed via inhalation, but may also enter the body through dermal contact. Bromine salts can be ingested. Due to its reactivity, bromine quickly forms bromide and may be deposited in the tissues, displacing other halogens. (L626)
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Bromine is a dark reddish-brown, volatile, mobile diatomic liquid; vaporizes at room temperature. Pure bromine is used in the synthesis of a variety of bromine containing substances. Other uses for bromine include flame retardants, cleaning agents, dyestuffs, photography, water sanitation, pharmaceuticals, bleaching fibers and silk. Bromine is registered for use in water filters to purify drinking water aboard US Naval ships and offshore oil well platforms. It is also used as a general disinfectant and sanitizer in indoor, non-food contact areas such as commercial establishments, hospitals and households, to control bacteria and fungi. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Inhalation of the irritant bromine vapors or direct contact with the liquid or vapor with skin and mucous membranes will produce direct tissue injury. Injury may occur at various levels of the respiratory tract depending upon the concentration of bromine and the duration of exposure. Pure bromine liquid or vapor is extremely irritating to the skin. Unlike other chemical agents, there is no immediate visible skin reaction after contact. The delay before initial signs or injury become apparent often results in more extreme damage. The most common local effects are blister formation, brownish discoloration of the skin and slow healing ulcers. Exposure to low concentrations produces lacrimation, rhinorrhea, eye irritation, coughing, dyspnea, choking, wheezing, epistaxis and headache. A brownish discoloration of the tongue and buccal mucosa may result and be accompanied by a characteristic breath odor. Inflammatory lesions of the upper airway, photophobia and blepharospasm are noted at higher levels. Upper and lower respiratory tract: delayed or immediate bronchoconstriction and the development of laryngeal spasm, glottal edema and asthma. With increased parenchymal penetration, there may be associated peribronchiolar abscesses, pulmonary infiltrates consistent with chemical pneumonitis, bronchiolitis obliterans and pulmonary edema. Acute obstructive ventilator impairment may lead to acidosis, measles like rash and subsequent death. It should be noted that more severe respiratory symptoms may be delayed for several hours after the exposure. There is a rare cutaneous manifestation of bromide accumulation is known as bromoderma tuberosum which progresses from red papules to pustules that enlarge and develop into indurated lesions. A mild degree of spermatogenic suppression and impaired reproductive performance following paternal exposure to bromine vapor described in the literature. ANIMAL STUDIES: The mortality of mice exposed to 240 or 750 ppm bromine was dependent on the duration of the study. Rats, mice and rabbits inhaling 0.2 ppm bromine developed disturbances in the functions of their respiratory, nervous and endocrine systems. Rats fed bromine (0.01 mg/kg)) for 6 months experienced changes in their conditioned reflexes and several blood indexes. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Bromine releases as a consequence of production activities have had serious effects upon vegetation.
Bromine is a powerful oxidizing agent and is able to release oxygen free radicals from the water in mucous membranes. These free radicals are also potent oxidizers and produce tissue damage. In additon, the formation of hydrobromic and bromic acids will result in secondary irritation. The bromide ion is also known to affect the central nervous system, causing bromism. This is believed to be a result of bromide ions substituting for chloride ions in the in actions of neurotransmitters and transport systems, thus affecting numerous synaptic processes. (L626, L627, A543)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
对人类不具有致癌性（未被国际癌症研究机构IARC列名）。
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Bromine vapour causes irritation and direct damage to the mucous membranes. Elemental bromine also burns the skin. The bromide ion is a central nervous system depressant and chronic exposure produces neuronal effects. This is called bromism and can result in central reactions reaching from somnolence to coma, cachexia, exicosis, loss of reflexes or pathologic reflexes, clonic seizures, tremor, ataxia, loss of neural sensitivity, paresis, papillar edema of the eyes, abnormal speech, cerebral edema, delirium, aggressiveness, and psychoses. (L625, L626, L627)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
暴露途径
所有暴露途径均可能产生严重的局部影响。
Serious local effects by all routes of exposure.
来源:ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)
吸收、分配和排泄
溴蒸汽通过呼吸系统、皮肤和消化系统进入人体。它具有累积性，以溴化物的形式沉积在组织中。
Bromine vapors enter body by respiratory system, skin and digestive system. It has cumulative properties, being deposited in tissues as bromides.
Depression is one of the most prevalent disorders in the general population, causing personal and social disability and impairment. Major studies assessing the diagnosis and management of depression have shown that it is often underdiagnosed and undertreated. A pan-European study aimed at assessing the extent and consequences of depression in six different countries is reported in this article. Different types of depressive profiles are analyzed and their respective management has been compared. The importance of improving diagnosis and treatment of depression is underlined. Appropriate management of depression depends on the recognition of depressive symptoms by patients, their possibility of seeking care, and the ability of the primary care physician to recognize the disorder and prescribe the appropriate medicines. Improvement in all of these fields is necessary.
Detection of coronary stenoses by stress echocardiography using a previously implanted pacemaker for ventricular pacing: Preliminary report of a new method
infarction. HYPOTHESIS To detect significant coronary stenosis in patients with previouslyimplantedpacemakers, we tested a newstressechocardiographymethodusing incremental ventricularpacing by already implantedpacemakers. METHODS We studied prospectively 25 consecutive patients who underwent stressechocardiography with increasing ventricularpacing up to either 85% of the age-predicted maximal
Complexes of platinum(II), platinum(IV), rhodium(III) and iridium(III) containing orthometallated triphenylphosphine
作者：Martin A. Bennett、Suresh K. Bhargava、Mingzhe Ke、Anthony C. Willis
DOI：10.1039/b004908p
日期：——
atoms. Oxidativeaddition of methyl iodide or iodine to [PtC6H4(PPh2)-2}2] gives initially platinum(IV) complexes [PtI(R)C6H4(PPh2)-2}2] (R = Me or I) in which the added groups are mutually trans; in the final, stable products the added groups and the phosphorus atoms are, separately, mutually cis. Oxidativeaddition of bromine to [PtC6H4(PPh2)-2}2] gives initially trans-[PtBr2C6H4(PPh2)-2}2] but
用2-LiC 6 H 4 PPh 2处理[PtCl 2（SEt 2）2 ]或[RhCl 3（SEt 2）3 ]，得到四元环螯合物芳基铂（II）或芳基铑（III）络合物[ Pt C 6 H 4（P Ph 2）-2} 2 ]和[ Rh C 6 H 4（P Ph 2）-2} 3 ]，而相应的[IrCl 3（SEt 2）3 ]给出了Ir-C 6 H 4（PPh 2）键断裂产生的IrCl C 6 H 4（P Ph 2）-2} 2（PPh 3）] 。[ Pt C 6 H 4（P Ph 2）-2} 2 ]的化学性质主要是由Pt–P键的不稳定性所决定的，这些键依次被配体在室温下，得到含有单齿Ç络合物6 ħ 4（PPH 2），即[铂C 6 H ^ 4（P博士2）-2} η 1 -C 6 ħ 4（PPH 2）-2}（L ）] [L = PPH 3，P（OPH）3，P（OME）3或卜吨] NC和[PT
Accessing Pincer Bis(carbene) Ni(IV) Complexes from Ni(II) via Halogen and Halogen Surrogates
作者：Gabriel Espinosa Martinez、Cristian Ocampo、Yun Ji Park、Alison R. Fout
DOI：10.1021/jacs.5b12827
日期：2016.4.6
bis(diisopropylphenyl-benzimidazol-2-ylidene)phenyl); X = Cl or Br) with halogen and halogen surrogates to form ((DIPP)CCC)NiX3. These complexes represent a rare oxidation state of nickel, as well as an unprecedented reaction pathway to access these species through Br2 and halogen surrogate (benzyltrimethylammonium tribromide). The Ni(IV) complexes have been characterized by a suite of spectroscopic techniques
Reactivity of a Dimethylplatinum(II) Complex with the Bis(2-pyridyl)dimethylsilane Ligand: Easy Silicon–Carbon Bond Activation
作者：Muhieddine Safa、Michael C. Jennings、Richard J. Puddephatt
DOI：10.1021/om3000136
日期：2012.5.14
(1; bps = bis(2-pyridyl)dimethylsilane) undergoes easy oxidative addition with bromine, iodine, methyl iodide, or methyl triflate to give [PtBr2Me2(bps)], [PtI2Me2(bps)], [PtIMe3(bps)], or [PtMe3(OH2)(bps)][OTf], respectively. The complex [PtIMe3(bps)] is slowly hydrolyzed in solution, with cleavage of the pyridyl–silicon bonds, to give [PtIMe3(py)2] and (Me2SiO)n. In contrast, oxidation of 1 with oxygen/CF3CH2OH
