Iodine can enter the body following ingestion, inhalaiton, or dermal exposure. In the body, iodine and iodide accumulates in the thyroid gland, where it is used for producing the thyroid hormones T4 and T3. Iodide in the thyroid gland is incorporated into a protein, thyroglobulin, as covalent complexes with tyrosine residues. The iodination of thyroglobulin is catalyzed by the enzyme thyroid peroxidase. The iodination reactions occur at the follicular cell-lumen interface and consist of the oxidation of iodide to form a reactive intermediate, the formation of monoiodotyrosine and diiodotyrosine residues in thyroglobulin, and the coupling of theiodinated tyrosine residues to form T4 (coupling of two diiodotyrosine residues) or T3 (coupling of a monoiodotyrosine and diiodotyrosine residue) in thyroglobulin. The major pathways of metabolism of iodine that occur outside of the thyroid gland involve the catabolism of T4 and T3, and include deiodination reactions, ether bond cleavage of thyronine, oxidative deamination and decarboxylation of the side chain of thyronine, and conjugation of the phenolic hydroxyl group on thyronine with glucuronic acid and sulfate. Absorbed iodine is excreted primarily in the urine and feces, but is also excreted in breast milk, exhaled air, sweat, and tears. (L1844)
Iodide inhibits adenylate cyclase in thyroid gland follicle cells and decreases the TSH-induced rise in intracellular cAMP. This results in decreased iodination of thyroglobulin and inhibited production and release of T4 and T3, causing hypothyroidism. The ionizing radiation produced by radioiodine causes cellular damage that includes DNA breakage, accurate or inaccurate repair, apoptosis, gene mutations, chromosomal change, and genetic instability. This leads to loss of normal cell and tissue homeostasis, and development of malignancy. Ionizing radiation that does not directly damage DNA can produce reactive oxygen intermediates that directly affect the stability of p53, an important enzyme in cell-cycle regulation, and produce oxidative damage to individual bases in DNA and point mutations by mispairing during DNA replication. (L1837, L1841, L1844)
Exposure to high levels of nonradioactive and radioactive iodine can damage the thyroid. Damage to the thyroid gland can result in effects in other parts of your body, such as your skin, lung, and reproductive organs. Concentrated iodine is very corrosive and can damage the mucous membrane if swallowed. Radioactive iodine can also cause cancer, especially of the thyroid, where it tends to concentrate. (L1844, L1846, L1848)
◈ What is iodine-131?
Iodine-131 (also known as I-131) is a radioisotope of iodine. Radioisotopes release radiation. Iodine-131 concentrates in the thyroid, and is used in medical diagnostic procedures, to treat thyroid cancer, and to remove the thyroid in people with hyperthyroidism (a condition in which the body makes too much thyroid hormone).
◈ I received iodine-131 and now I would like to get pregnant. How long does the drug stay in my body?
People eliminate medications at different rates. In healthy adults, it takes up to 48 days, on average, for most of the iodine-131 to be gone from the body. Receiving iodine-131 can also cause short term changes in fertility. It has been suggested to postpone pregnancy for 6 to 12 months after receiving iodine-131, to give the radioisotope time to leave the body and to allow the thyroid hormones to stabilize.
◈ Does receiving iodine-131 increase the chance for miscarriage in future pregnancies?
Miscarriage is common and can occur in any pregnancy for many different reasons. One study reported a higher chance for miscarriage in pregnancies that were conceived during the 12 months after exposure to iodine-131. A review article did not find a higher chance for miscarriage when iodine-131 was received before pregnancy.
◈ Does receiving iodine-131 increase the chance of having a baby with a birth defect?
Every pregnancy starts out with a 3-5% chance of having a birth defect. This is called the background risk. Most reports on people who received iodine-131 prior to a pregnancy showed no increase in the chance for birth defects.Iodine-131 is avoided during pregnancy when possible. The developing baby can absorb radioactive iodine into their thyroid starting at about 10 weeks of pregnancy, and this can result in severe thyroid gland damage and thyroid hormone deficiency. Thyroid hormone is very important for the baby’s development.
◈ Could iodine-131 cause other pregnancy complications?
Most studies do not show an increase in pregnancy complications if the iodine-131 is received prior to the pregnancy. Use of iodine-131 during pregnancy is avoided when possible.
◈ Does taking iodine-131 in pregnancy cause long-term problems in behavior or learning for the baby?
Based on the data available, it is not known if medical iodine-131 tests and treatments would directly cause behavior or learning issues. Iodine-131 is avoided during pregnancy when possible because iodine-131 can affect the baby’s thyroid and thyroid hormone levels. Babies with too little thyroid hormone have an increased risk for developmental delays.
◈ Can I breastfeed while taking iodine-131?
It has been recommended that breastfeeding be stopped if iodine-131 is given. Iodine-131 is concentrated in the breasts which could result in significant amounts in breastmilk. A breastfeeding child who is exposed to iodine-131 through milk could develop thyroid problems such as poor thyroid function, damage to the thyroid gland, and an increased chance for thyroid carcinoma. When possible, iodine-131 treatments and tests should wait until after the baby is weaned. In some cases where only small amounts of radioiodine are used, breastfeeding can be restarted when radioactivity counts return base level. This may be several weeks. Be sure to talk to your healthcare providers about all your breastfeeding questions.
◈ I received iodine-131. Can it make it harder for me to get my partner pregnant or increase the chance of birth defects?
Receiving iodine-131 can cause short term changes in fertility in men and women. No increase of congenital malformations has been found in children whose fathers who were treated with iodine-131. In general, exposures that fathers or sperm donors have are unlikely to increase the risks to a pregnancy. For more information, please see the MotherToBaby fact sheet Paternal Exposures at https://mothertobaby.org/fact-sheets/paternal-exposures-pregnancy/.
水 、 cesium iodide 在
air 作用下，
以
neat (no solvent) 为溶剂，
生成 cesium hydroxide 、 iodine-131
参考文献：
名称：
Oxidative hydrolysis of CsI radioaerosols localized on TRUMEM metallic membrane filter
摘要：
Oxidative hydrolysis of (CsI)-Cs-137-I-131 aerosols localized on TRUMEM metallic membrane filter under the action of air-water vapor medium was studied. It was shown that, at a temperature of air flow of 403-423 K, water vapor content from similar to 3-4 to 90 vol%), and flow velocity from similar to 2 to similar to 9 cm s(-1) the (CsI)-Cs-137-I-131 aerosols localized on TRUMEM metallic membrane filter undergo oxidative hydrolysis. In sublimation of 0.3 to 0.8 mg of CsI, the degree of conversion of CsI radioaerosols into oxidative hydrolysis products varies from 0 to approximately 17%.
Phospholipid ether analogs as cancer treatment agents and methods thereof
申请人：Weichert Jamey
公开号：US20070020178A1
公开（公告）日：2007-01-25
The present invention provides methods for treating, detecting and locating recurrence of cancer, radiation and chemo insensitive cancer or metastasis of cancer selected from the group consisting of Lung cancer, Adrenal cancer, Melanoma, Colon cancer, Colorectal cancer, Ovarian cancer, Prostate cancer, Liver cancer, Subcutaneous cancer, Squamous cell cancer, Intestinal cancer, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Retinoblastoma, Cervical cancer, Glioma, Breast cancer and Pancreatic cancer in subject using phospholipid ether analogs.
NOVEL N-(8-HETEROARYLTETRAHYDRONAPHTALENE-2YL) OR N-(5-HETEROARYLCHROMANE-3-YL) CARBOXAMIDE DERIVATIVES FOR THE TREATMENT OF PAIN
申请人：Besidski Yevgeni
公开号：US20100137322A1
公开（公告）日：2010-06-03
The present invention relates to new compounds of formula (I) and to pharmaceutical composition containing said compounds and to the use of said compounds in therapy. The present invention further relates to processes for the preparation of said compounds and to new intermediates useful in the preparation thereof.
N-(8-heteroaryltetrahydronaphtalene-2yl) or N-(5-heteroarylchromane-3-yl) carboxamide derivatives for the treatment of pain
申请人：AstraZeneca AB
公开号：US08143408B2
公开（公告）日：2012-03-27
The present invention relates to new compounds of formula (I) and to pharmaceutical composition containing said compounds and to the use of said compounds in therapy. The present invention further relates to processes for the preparation of said compounds and to new intermediates useful in the preparation thereof.
PHOSPHOLIPID ETHER ANALOGS AS AGENTS FOR DETECTING AND LOCATING CANCER, AND METHODS THEREOF
申请人：Cellectar, Inc.
公开号：US20140030187A1
公开（公告）日：2014-01-30
The present invention provides methods for treating, detecting and locating recurrence of cancer, radiation and chemo insensitive cancer or metastasis of cancer selected from the group consisting of Lung cancer, Adrenal cancer, Melanoma, Colon cancer, Colorectal cancer, Ovarian cancer, Prostate cancer, Liver cancer, Subcutaneous cancer, Squamous cell cancer, Intestinal cancer, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Retinoblastoma, Cervical cancer, Glioma, Breast cancer and Pancreatic cancer in subject using phospholipid ether analogs.
The present invention relates to new compounds of formula (I) and to pharmaceutical composition containing said compounds and to the use of said compounds in therapy. The present invention further relates to processes for the preparation of said compounds and to new intermediates useful in the preparation thereof.
