Though tin metal is very poorly absorbed, tin compounds may be absorbed via oral, inhalation, or dermal routes, with organotin compounds being much more readily absorbed than inorganic tin compounds. Tin may enter the bloodstream and bind to hemoglobin, where it is distributed and accumulates mainly in the kidney, liver, lung, and bone. Organotin compounds may undergo dealkylation, hydroxylation, dearylation, and oxidation catalyzed by cytochrome P-450 enzymes in the liver. The alkyl products of dealkylation are conjugated with glutathione and further metabolized to mercapturic acid derivatives. Tin and its metabolites are excreted mainly in the urine and feces. (L308)
Organotin compounds produce neurotoxic and immunotoxic effects. Organotins may directly activate glial cells contributing to neuronal cell degeneration by local release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-_, and/or interleukins. They may also induce apoptosis by direct action on neuronal cells. Organotin compounds stimulate the neuronal release of and/or decrease of neuronal cell uptake of neurotransmitters in brain tissue, including aspartate, GABA, glutamate, norepinephrine, and serotonin. This may be either a contributing factor to or result of the neuronal cell loss. The immunotoxic effects of organotins are characterized by thymic atrophy caused by the suppression of proliferation of immature thymocytes and apoptosis of mature thymocytes. Organotin compounds are believed to exert these effects by suppressing DNA and protein synthesis, inducing the expression of genes involved in apoptosis (such as nur77), and disrupting the regulation of intracellular calcium levels, giving rise to the uncontrolled production of reactive oxygen species, release of cytochrome c to the cytosol, and the proteolytic and nucleolytic cascade of apoptosis. The suppression of proliferation of immature thymocytes further results in the suppression of T-cell-mediated immune responses. Organotins are also endocrine disruptors and are believed to contribute to obesity by inappropriate receptor activation, leading to adipocyte differentiation. Inorganic tin triggers eryptosis, contributing to tin-induced anemia. (L308, A182, A184)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
对人类不具有致癌性(未被国际癌症研究机构IARC列名)。
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Breathing or swallowing, or skin contact with organotins, can interfere with the way the brain and nervous system work, causing death in severe cases. Organic tin compounds may also damage the immune and reproductive system. (L307, L308)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
暴露途径
该物质可以通过吸入和摄入被身体吸收。
The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and by ingestion.
来源:ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)
Oligosaccharide glycosides having mammalian immunosuppresive and
申请人:Glycomed Incorporated
公开号:US05874411A1
公开(公告)日:1999-02-23
Disclosed are novel oligosaccharide glycosides having mammalian immunosuppressive and tolerogenic properties, pharmaceutical compositions containing such oligosaccharide glycosides and to methods of using such oligosaccharide glycosides to modulate cell-mediated immune responses in a mammal.
2-phenyl-2-(p-tosylamino)acetic acid, a versatile pro-ligand for organotin compounds
作者:Angélica M. Duarte-Hernández、Pedro Montes-Tolentino、Iris Ramos-García、Ángel Ramos-Organillo、Tayde Villaseñor-Granados、Galdina V. Suárez-Moreno、Rosalinda Contreras、Angelina Flores-Parra
DOI:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2016.12.022
日期:2017.2
resolution massspectrometry. Two crystals from compound 3 (3a and 3b), one from aqua-diphenyltin bis-[2-phenyl-2-(p-tolylamino)acetate] (9) and one from dinbutyl-distannoxane tetra[2-phenyl-2-(p-tolylamino)acetate] (10) were analysed by X-ray diffraction. The new compounds are hypervalent; 2–4 are pentacoordinated, 5–7 are hexacoordinated whereas 8 and 9 are heptacoordinated. Theoretical study of compounds
Synthesis and crystal structures of a polymeric trimethyltin(IV) and a tetranuclear dibutyltin(IV) complex with azo-carboxylates derived from 4- or 3-amino benzoic acid and naphthalen-1 or 2-ol
NMR spectroscopy. The coordination behavior and geometries around tin in 1 and 2 were established by X-ray crystallography while geometries of the complexes in solution were determined by 119Sn-NMR spectroscopy. The polymeric 1 displayed slightly distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry around the tin with the equatorial plane occupied by three methyl groups and the axial positions occupied by a carboxylate
摘要 配合物1由 4-(4-羟基萘偶氮)-苯甲酸与氯化三甲基锡 (IV) 在无水甲醇中以三乙胺为碱反应合成而2由 3-(2-羟基萘偶氮)-苯甲酸与无水甲苯中的二丁基氧化锡 (IV)。通过元素分析、IR 和多核(1 H、13 C 和119 Sn)NMR 光谱对配合物进行了表征。1和2中锡周围的配位行为和几何形状通过 X 射线晶体学确定,而溶液中配合物的几何形状由119 Sn-NMR 光谱确定。聚合物1在锡周围显示出略微扭曲的三角双锥几何形状,赤道平面被三个甲基占据,轴向位置被另一个配体的羧酸盐氧和苯氧基氧占据。四核2表现出双[二羧基四有机二锡氧烷] 型结构,具有非中心对称的 Sn 2 O 4核,其中中心 Sn 2 O 2环通过μ 3 -氧原子连接到两个环外锡离子。exo和end周围的协调几何-环状锡离子分别为八面体变形和四角锥体变形。119 Sn的NMR光谱分析的研究表明四配位的四面体1而六
INHIBITORS OF INFLUENZA VIRUSES REPLICATION
申请人:Charifson Paul S.
公开号:US20120171245A1
公开(公告)日:2012-07-05
Methods of inhibiting the replication of influenza viruses in a biological sample or patient, of reducing the amount of influenza viruses in a biological sample or patient, and of treating influenza in a patient, comprises administering to said biological sample or patient an effective amount of a compound represented by Structural Formula (I):
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the values of Structural Formula (IA) are as described herein. A compound is represented by Structural Formula (IA) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the values of Structural Formula (IA) are as described herein. A pharmaceutical composition comprises an effective amount of such a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant or vehicle.
New 4-arylpiperidine derivatives for the treatment of pruritus
申请人:——
公开号:US20030004340A1
公开(公告)日:2003-01-02
There is provided a compound of formula I,
1
wherein Het
1
, R
1
, R
2
, R
3
, X and n have meanings given in the description, which are useful in the prophylaxis and in the treatment of diseases mediated by opiate receptors, such as pruritus.