Chromic sulfate is a dark green to violet crystalline material. Used in paints and inks, ceramics, and in textile dyeing. It is noncombustible. The primary hazard of this material is the potential for environmental damage if released. Immediate steps should be taken to limit its spread to the environment.
颜色/状态：
Peach-colored solid
沸点：
Loses water of hydration at 212.0° Fr 2 (SO 4 ) 3 . 18 loses 12 Cr 2 (SO 4 ) 3 . 15 loses 10 (USCG, 1999)
熔点：
212 °F (USCG, 1999)
稳定性/保质期：
Stable under recommended storage conditions./Chromium(III) sulfate hydrate/
分解：
When heated to decomposition it emits toxic vapors of /sulfur oxides and chromium/.
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Chromium (III) sulfate forms red-brown hexagonal crystals. It is used in solubilization of gelatin; in catalyst preparation; as mordant in textile industry; in tanning of leather; in chrome plating; in manufacture of chromium, chromic trioxide and chromium alloys; to improve dispersibility of vinyl polymers in water; in manufacture green varnishes, paints, inks, glazes for porcelain. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Chronic exposure can produce contact dermatitis, asthma, induced pemphigus. Bronchial reactivity can be specifically induced by fumes of chromium sulfate, even in a previously nonallergic individual via IgE type I immunopathogenic mechanism. Fatal case was described, when a woman ingested 400 mL of leather tanning solution containing 48 g of basic chromium sulfate. Occupational exposure to trivalent chromium can lead to a detectable DNA damage of human peripheral lymphocytes. ANIMAL STUDIES: The toxicity of basic chromium sulfate, was investigated in rats in a 13-week nose-only inhalation study that included a 13-week recovery period. Basic chromium sulfate produced severe and widespread effects in the nasal cavity, larynx, lungs, and mediastinal lymph node. Effects were characterized by accumulation of foreign material, infiltration of alveolar macrophages, septal cell hyperplasia, and granulomatous and chronic inflammation. As little as 10 ug or Cr(III) (as chromic sulfate) elicited allergic responses in sensitized guinea pigs. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: The effect of chromic sulfate on the common carp and bighead (Aristichthys nobilis) were studied. The carp was more susceptible then Aristichthys nobilis to chromic sulfate at the lowest concentrations tested (100 mg/L), whereas results obtained at other concentration were similar for both species. Damage to gills, liver, and intestine was observed by histopathological examination.
WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE CHARACTERIZATION: Applying the criteria for evaluating the overall weight of evidence for carcinogenicity to humans outlined in EPA's guidelines for risk assessment (1986), trivalent chromium is most appropriately designated a Group D -- Not classified as to its human carcinogenicity. Using the Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (1996), there are inadequate data to determine the potential carcinogenicity of trivalent chromium ... However, the classification of hexavalent chromium as a known human carcinogen raises a concern for the carcinogenic potential of trivalent chromium. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Occupational exposure to trivalent chromium and other chromium compounds by inhalation has been studied in the chromate manufacturing and ferrochromium industries; however, exposures all include mixed exposures to both Cr(III) and Cr(VI). Cr(VI) species is the likely etiological agent in reports of excess cancer risk in chromium workers. Data addressing exposures to Cr(III) alone are not available and data are inadequate for an evaluation of human carcinogenic potential. ... ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: The data from oral and inhalation exposures of animals to trivalent chromium do not support documentation of the carcinogenicity of trivalent chromium. IARC concluded that animal data are inadequate for the evaluation of the carcinogenicity of Cr(III) compounds. Furthermore, although there is sufficient evidence of respiratory carcinogenicity associated with exposure to chromium, the relative contribution of Cr(III), Cr(VI), metallic chromium, or soluble versus insoluble chromium to carcinogenicity cannot be elucidated... /Chromium (III), insoluble salts/
Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of metallic chromium and of chromium(III) compounds. There is inadequate evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of metallic chromium, barium chromate and chromium(III) compounds. Overall evaluation: Metallic chromium and chromium(III) compounds are not classifiable as to their carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3). /Metallic chromium and chromium(III) compounds/
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
副作用
ACGIH 致癌物 - 未分类。
ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable.
来源:Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases
吸收、分配和排泄
几种Cr(III)和Cr(VI)化合物（三价铬氯化物、三价铬硝酸盐、三价铬硫酸盐、三氧化铬、重铬酸钾）在新西兰白兔和(CxO)小鼠中的急性和亚急性毒性已经确定，通过腹腔注射给药。在处理后10天以上的中位致死剂量平均为(17.9 + 或 - 1.8) X 10(-6) g铬/g体重，无论注射的Cr化合物的氧化状态如何（三价铬硫酸盐可能是个例外），但急性毒性（3天）在Cr(VI)化合物中要大得多。对整个雄性小鼠进行酸消化，这些小鼠腹腔注射了1/6的远端LD50，一次或每周一次，分析以确定Cr的全身体内持续性和清除动力学。一次给药的Cr(III)处理的小鼠在21天时保留的铬量是一次给药的Cr(VI)处理的小鼠的6.5倍。当每周一次给予Cr(III)时，小鼠在8周内积累的Cr量是Cr(VI)处理的小鼠的6倍，尽管只有后者表现出铬毒性的症状。随着进一步给予Cr(III)，全身体内Cr浓度继续上升，而Cr(VI)则缓慢下降。对粪便和尿液排泄的分析证实，Cr(VI)处理的小鼠尿液和粪便中的Cr排泄速度要比Cr(III)处理的小鼠快得多。Cr(III)和Cr(VI)化合物的不同储存和清除动力学在实验性铬致癌研究中以及在工业上暴露于潜在致癌性含铬尘埃或气溶胶的工人铬的毒理学中可能是重要的。
The acute and subacute toxicities of several Cr(III) and Cr(VI) compounds (chromium(3+) chloride, chromium(3+) nitrate, chromium(3+) sulfate, chromium trioxide, potassium dichromate) were determined in NZC and (CxO) mice injected ip. The distal median lethal doses (> 10 days after treatment) averaged (17.9 + or - 1.8) X 10(-6) g chromium/g body wt regardless of the oxidation state of the Cr compound injected (chromium(3+) sulfate may be an exception), but acute toxicity (3 days) was much greater with Cr(VI) compounds. Acid digests of entire male mice that were administered ip 1/6 of the distal LD50, either once or repeatedly at weekly intervals, were analyzed to determine the whole body persistence and clearance kinetics of Cr. Mice dosed once with Cr(III) retained 6.5 times more chromium at 21 days than mice treated with Cr(VI). When Cr(III) was given at weekly intervals mice accumulated 6 times more Cr by 8 wk than Cr(VI)-treated mice, though only the latter showed symptoms of chromic toxicity. Whole body Cr concentrations continued to rise with further Cr(III) treatments, but slowly declined with Cr(VI). Analyses of fecal and urinary excretion confirmed that most of the urinary Cr excretion from Cr(VI)-treated animals was much faster in both urine and feces than from mice given Cr(III). The differential storage and clearance kinetics of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) compounds may be significant in experimental Cr carcinogenesis studies and in the toxicology of Cr in workers exposed industrially to potentially carcinogenic chromium-containing dusts or aerosols.
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) equipped with energy-dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX), electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), and laser microprobe for mass analysis (LAMMA) were used to follow the fate of chromium compounds deposited in the sheep tracheal lobe. Four chromium compounds were used: two chromium(VI) compounds (lead chromate and chromium trioxide) and two chromium(III) compounds (chronic oxide and chromium sulfate). Chromium trioxide is very soluble and the other three are slightly soluble. The compositions, concentrations, and sizes of particles were determined in the bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL) at d 2, 3, 5, and 30 after instillation and on the lung samples collected at d 31. The concentrations of particles in the BAL samples separated the chromium compounds in two groups where Cr2O3 and PbCrO4 (as Pb) were higher than Cr2(SO4)3, PbCrO4 (as Cr), and CrO3. The half-life for alveolar clearance of Cr2O3 and Cr2(SO4)3 has been calculated respectively at 11 and 80 d. Prismatic PbCrO4 particles break up in the lung and sustain a high concentration of isometric particles of lead chromate and another lead-containing compound in the BAL. The CrO3 instilled particles react with endogenous compounds or are transformed to insoluble hydroxyl complexes instead of diffusing very rapidly through the alveolar-capillary barrier. The alveolar clearance as measured in the BAL is not different from the control.
The aim of the experiment was to evaluate the diffusion rate in vitro and the skin absorption rate of trivalent and hexavalent chromium (Cr) from aqueous solution. Excretion of chromium in urine was also measured. The experiment was carried out on 47 Wistar male rats, 4-5 months old. The solutions of chromium sulfate or potassium dichromate contained 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg Cr per milliliter. Exposure time was 4 hrs. It was found that diffusion rate of Cr3+ was seven-time less than of Cr2O7(2-). Absorption rates of both ions through the skin were similar. Excretion rates of chromium in urine were not different in case exposure to both xenobiotics. It can be concluded that diffusion does not play an important role in absorption of chromium through the skin. It seems that oxidation grade of chromium has no influence on the excretion rate of this metal from the organism. /Cr(III) and Cr(VI)/
Re-calcination and extraction process for the detoxification and
申请人：Situ; Qi-Jiang
公开号：US05395601A1
公开（公告）日：1995-03-07
A re-calcination and extraction process for the detoxification and comprehensive utilization of chromic residues, comprising adding small amount of residue ore powder, sodium carbonate, or additionally, a certain amount of coke powder to the poisonous chromic residues, and calcining the mixture in a re-calcinating apparatus at 1000.degree.-1200.degree. C., for 30-60 minutes. The re-calcined grog is extracted with water, to obtain an extractive liquor containing sodium chromate. The extractive liquor can be used to produce chromium oxide, basic chromium sulfate or medium chrome yellow; while the extracted residues can be sintered at high temperatures with iron ore powder and coke to obtain a massive self-melting sintered iron, which can be further converted to a low-chromium cast iron. This process can thoroughly detoxify the chromic residues, effectively recover Cr2O3 and remove water-soluble Cr+6, whereby various important industrial materials are produced. The method brings very good economical and environmental benefits.
Process for preparing sulfur-containing ferromagnetic chromium oxide
申请人：Eastman Kodak Company
公开号：US04018690A1
公开（公告）日：1977-04-19
Modified ferromagnetic chromium oxide having an intrinsic coercive force above 150 Oersteds, a Curie temperature lower than that of unmodified chromium dioxide, and a specific magnetization in the range of 50-110 emu/gm., is prepared by heating material containing chromium (III) and sulfur in a form to yield upon oxidation a ferromagnetic chromium oxide with substitutional sulfur enhancing its magnetic properties.
Method and device for continuous electrolytic disposal of waste water
申请人：——
公开号：US20030226767A1
公开（公告）日：2003-12-11
An apparatus for continuously electrolyzing waste liquid has a series (
10
) of tanks comprising a plurality of electrolytic tanks each having an anode (
22
) and a cathode (
23
), the electrolytic tanks being connected in series, vibrating flow generating means (
16
) which is equipped to each of the electrolytic tanks and generates vibrating flow in waste liquid (
14
) to be treated, and a power supply circuit (
34
) for applying a voltage between the anode (
22
) and the cathode (
23
). The vibrating flow generating means (
16
) has a vibration motor (
16
d
), vibration transmitting rods (
16
e
) which are operationally connected to the vibration motor (
16
d
) so as to vibrate in the waste liquid (
14
) to be treated; and vibrating vanes (
16
f
) fixed to the vibration transmitting rods (
16
e
). The distance between the anode (
22
) and the cathode (
23
) is equal to 5 to 50 mm. Vibrating stress dispersing means is interposed between the vibration motor (
16
d
) and the vibration transmitting rods (
16
e
) and/or between the vibration transmitting rods (
16
e
) and the vibrating vanes (
16
f
). The vibration motor (
16
d
) is commonly used by plural vibrating flow generating means. Plural electrolytic tanks constituting the series (
10
) of tanks are unified, and the electrolytic tanks thus unified are partitioned by partition walls (
11
).
Aqueous solution of chromium salt and method for producing same
申请人：Kotaki Hideki
公开号：US20070086938A1
公开（公告）日：2007-04-19
Disclosed is an aqueous solution of a chromium salt, in which the oxalic acid content is 8% by weight or less relative to chromium. In the aqueous solution of the chromium salt, the total organic carbon content is 4% by weight or less relative to chromium. The chromium salt is preferably a chromium chloride, a chromium phosphate, or a chromium nitrate. The chromium chloride preferably contains a basic chromium chloride represented by the composition formula Cr(OH)
x
Cl
y
(wherein 0
AQUEOUS SOLUTION OF CHROMIUM SALT AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING SAME
申请人：KOTAKI Hideki
公开号：US20100095867A1
公开（公告）日：2010-04-22
Disclosed is an aqueous solution of a chromium salt, in which the oxalic acid content is 8% by weight or less relative to chromium. In the aqueous solution of the chromium salt, the total organic carbon content is 4% by weight or less relative to chromium. The chromium salt is preferably a chromium chloride, a chromium phosphate, or a chromium nitrate. The chromium chloride preferably contains a basic chromium chloride represented by the composition formula Cr(OH)
x
Cl
y
(wherein 0
本发明涉及一种含铬盐的水溶液，其中草酸含量相对于铬的重量为8％或更少。在含铬盐的水溶液中，总有机碳含量相对于铬的重量为4％或更少。铬盐优选为氯化铬，磷酸铬或硝酸铬。氯化铬优选包含由组成式Cr（OH）xCly表示的基本氯化铬（其中0 < x≤2，1≤y < 3，且x + y = 3）。磷酸铬优选为由组成式Cr（H3-3 / nPO4）n表示的一种（其中n是满足2≤n≤3的数字）。硝酸铬优选为由组成式Cr（OH）x（NO3）y表示的基本硝酸铬（其中0 < x≤2，1≤y < 3，且x + y = 3）。
