chromium (III) oxide

• 分子结构分类: 无机化合物 - 混合金属/非金属化合物 - 各种混合金属/非金属
• 英文名称: chromium (III) oxide
• 英文别名: oxide of chromium；chromium sesquioxide；chromium;trioxochromium
• 化学式: Cr₂O₃
• 分子量: 151.99
• InChiKey: QDOXWKRWXJOMAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  -0.31
• 重原子数：
  5
• 可旋转键数：
  0
• 环数：
  0.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.0
• 拓扑面积：
  43.4
• 氢给体数：
  0
• 氢受体数：
  3

ADMET

代谢

铬通过口腔、吸入或皮肤接触被吸收，并分布到几乎所有组织中，肾脏和肝脏中浓度最高。骨骼也是一个主要的储存场所，并可能对长期保留有所贡献。六价铬与硫酸盐和铬酸盐的相似性使其能够通过硫酸盐转运机制进入细胞。在细胞内，六价铬首先被还原为五价铬，然后通过包括抗坏血酸、谷胱甘肽和烟酸腺嘌呤二核苷酸等多种物质还原为三价铬。铬几乎全部通过尿液排出。(A12, L16)

Chromium is absorbed from oral, inhalation, or dermal exposure and distributes to nearly all tissues, with the highest concentrations found in kidney and liver. Bone is also a major storage site and may contribute to long-term retention. Hexavalent chromium's similarity to sulfate and chromate allow it to be transported into cells via sulfate transport mechanisms. Inside the cell, hexavalent chromium is reduced first to pentavalent chromium, then to trivalent chromium by many substances including ascorbate, glutathione, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Chromium is almost entirely excreted with the urine. (A12, L16)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 毒性总结

铬酸铬（Cr(2)O(3)）是一种绿色粉末。目前在美国没有注册使用，但批准的杀虫剂用途可能会定期更改，因此必须咨询联邦、州和地方当局以获取当前批准的用途。它用于磨料和电子半导体；在合金中；在印刷织物和纸币中。它还用于染色的聚合物；乳胶漆的着色剂，在制造铬金属和铝-铬母合金。其它的用途包括有机合成中的催化剂，沥青屋顶的绿色颗粒，耐火砖的组成部分。铬酸铬在药物使用中是一种着色添加剂。人体暴露和毒性：细微的铬酸铬颗粒在培养液中不溶；相反，Cr(2)O(3)纳米颗粒释放出可溶的六价铬到培养液中。人肺癌A549细胞和人角质细胞HaCaT细胞在暴露于Cr(2)O(3)纳米颗粒后，细胞内活性氧物质（ROS）水平升高，抗氧化防御系统被激活。Cr(2)O(3)纳米颗粒的细胞影响与六价铬相似。人肺上皮细胞暴露于铬酸铬纳米颗粒导致DNA损伤，通过彗星分析和细胞分裂阻滞微核分析检测到。细胞暴露导致线粒体介导的凋亡。动物研究：在大鼠的13周鼻吸研究中，包括13周的恢复期，铬酸铬导致支气管和纵隔淋巴组织和肺部的病理变化，包括色素颗粒巨噬细胞的出现、淋巴组织和间隔组织的增生以及与其它惰性尘埃观察到的相似的间质性炎症。在大鼠的实验中，20只大鼠中有4只在单次腹腔注射20毫克铬酸铬后16-19个月发展为肺肉瘤。在九对大鼠喂食补充面包中高达5%的铬(III)酸的实验中，没有报告对生殖的影响，每周5天，持续60天，在仔鼠出现明显的畸形或不良影响之前。暴露于铬酸铬增加了中国仓鼠V79细胞的姐妹染色单体交换。暴露于Cr(2)O(3) 18小时后，中国仓鼠细胞的突变频率与对照组相比显著增加，最高可达10倍。生态毒性研究：在小麦种子中，暴露于25-100微克/毫升的Cr(2)O(3)纳米颗粒以浓度依赖性方式抑制了种子的萌发和幼苗的生长。

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Chromic oxide (Cr(2)O(3)) is a green powder. It is not registered for current use in the U.S., but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses. It is used in abrasives and electric semiconductors; in alloys; in printing fabrics and banknotes. It is also used in dyeing polymers; colorant for latex paints, in manufacturing of chromium metal and aluminum-chromium master alloys. It's other uses include catalyst in organic synthesis, green granules in asphalt roofing, component of refractory brick. Chromic oxide is a color additive in drug use. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Fine chromic oxide particles were insoluble in the culture medium; on the contrary, Cr(2)O(3) nanoparticles released soluble hexavalent chromium into the culture medium. Human lung carcinoma A549 cells and human keratinocyte HaCaT cells showed an increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and activation of antioxidant defense systems on exposure to Cr(2)O(3) nanoparticles. The cellular influences of Cr(2)O(3) nanoparticles matched those of hexavalent chromium. Human lung epithelial cells exposure to chromic oxide nanoparticles led to DNA damage, which was detected by comet assay and cytokinesis block micronucleus assay. The cell exposure lead to mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. ANIMAL STUDIES: In rats in a 13-week nose-only inhalation study that included a 13-week recovery period, chromic oxide caused pathological changes in the bronchial and mediastinal lymphatic tissue and lungs, consisting of the presence of pigment-laden macrophages, lymphoid and septal hyperplasia, and interstitial inflammation similar to that observed with other inert dusts. In experiments with rats 4/20 animals developed lung sarcomas 16-19 months after a single intraperitoneal injection of 20 mg chromic oxide. No effects on reproduction were reported in nine pairs of rats fed up to 5% chromium(III) oxide in a supplemented bread, 5 days/week for 60 days before grossly observable malformations or adverse effects occurred in the pups. Exposure to chromic oxide increased sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster V79 cells. Exposure for 18 hr to Cr(2)O(3) induced in Chinese hamster cells a statistically significant increase in the mutation frequency of up to 10-fold over the control. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: In seeds of Triticum aestivum exposure to 25-100 ug/mL Cr(2)O(3) nanoparticles inhibited the seed germination and seedling growth in concentration dependent manner.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 毒性总结

三价铬还可能形成与肽、蛋白质和DNA的复合物，导致DNA-蛋白质交联、DNA链断裂、DNA-DNA链间交联、铬-DNA加合物、染色体畸变以及细胞信号通路的变化。已经证明，它通过过度刺激细胞调节通路并激活某些丝裂原活化蛋白激酶来增加过氧化物的水平，从而诱导癌变。它还可能通过将组蛋白去乙酰化酶1-DNA甲基转移酶1复合物与CYP1A1启动子染色质交联，抑制组蛋白修饰，从而引起转录抑制。铬可能通过修饰金属调节转录因子1来增加自身的毒性，导致抑制锌诱导的金属硫蛋白转录。(A12, L16, A34, A35, A36)

Trivalent chromium may also form complexes with peptides, proteins, and DNA, resulting in DNA-protein crosslinks, DNA strand breaks, DNA-DNA interstrand crosslinks, chromium-DNA adducts, chromosomal aberrations and alterations in cellular signaling pathways. It has been shown to induce carcinogenesis by overstimulating cellular regulatory pathways and increasing peroxide levels by activating certain mitogen-activated protein kinases. It can also cause transcriptional repression by cross-linking histone deacetylase 1-DNA methyltransferase 1 complexes to CYP1A1 promoter chromatin, inhibiting histone modification. Chromium may increase its own toxicity by modifying metal regulatory transcription factor 1, causing the inhibition of zinc-induced metallothionein transcription. (A12, L16, A34, A35, A36)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 致癌性证据

证据权重特征描述：根据美国环保局（EPA）风险评估指南（1986年）中概述的评估对人类致癌性整体证据权重的标准，三价铬最合适被划分为D组——关于其人类致癌性尚未分类。使用《致癌风险评估指南（拟议版）》（1996年），对于确定三价铬的潜在致癌性数据不足……然而，将六价铬分类为已知人类致癌物引发了对三价铬致癌潜力的担忧。人类致癌性数据：在铬酸盐制造和铁铬工业中，通过吸入三价铬和其他铬化合物进行职业暴露已经得到了研究；然而，所有暴露都包括对Cr(III)和Cr(VI)的混合暴露。在铬工人超额癌症风险报告中，Cr(VI)物种很可能是病因学上的作用因素。针对单独暴露于Cr(III)的数据不可用，数据不足以评估人类致癌潜力。……动物致癌性数据：动物口服和吸入暴露于三价铬的数据不支持三价铬致癌性的证明。国际癌症研究机构（IARC）认为动物数据不足以评估Cr(III)化合物的致癌性。此外，尽管有充分证据表明与铬暴露相关的呼吸道致癌性，但无法阐明Cr(III)、Cr(VI)、金属铬或可溶性铬与不溶性铬对致癌性的相对贡献……/三价铬（不可溶性盐类）/

WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE CHARACTERIZATION: Applying the criteria for evaluating the overall weight of evidence for carcinogenicity to humans outlined in EPA's guidelines for risk assessment (1986), trivalent chromium is most appropriately designated a Group D -- Not classified as to its human carcinogenicity. Using the Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (1996), there are inadequate data to determine the potential carcinogenicity of trivalent chromium ... However, the classification of hexavalent chromium as a known human carcinogen raises a concern for the carcinogenic potential of trivalent chromium. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Occupational exposure to trivalent chromium and other chromium compounds by inhalation has been studied in the chromate manufacturing and ferrochromium industries; however, exposures all include mixed exposures to both Cr(III) and Cr(VI). Cr(VI) species is the likely etiological agent in reports of excess cancer risk in chromium workers. Data addressing exposures to Cr(III) alone are not available and data are inadequate for an evaluation of human carcinogenic potential. ... ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: The data from oral and inhalation exposures of animals to trivalent chromium do not support documentation of the carcinogenicity of trivalent chromium. IARC concluded that animal data are inadequate for the evaluation of the carcinogenicity of Cr(III) compounds. Furthermore, although there is sufficient evidence of respiratory carcinogenicity associated with exposure to chromium, the relative contribution of Cr(III), Cr(VI), metallic chromium, or soluble versus insoluble chromium to carcinogenicity cannot be elucidated... /Chromium (III), insoluble salts/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 致癌性证据

A4；不可归类为人类致癌物。/铬和Cr(III)无机化合物/

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /Chromium and Cr(III) inorganic compounds/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 致癌性证据

评估：对于金属铬和铬(III)化合物的致癌性，在人类中的证据不足。在实验动物中，对于金属铬、铬酸钡和铬(III)化合物的致癌性证据也不足。总体评估：金属铬和铬(III)化合物在人类致癌性方面无法分类（第3组）。/金属铬和铬(III)化合物/

Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of metallic chromium and of chromium(III) compounds. There is inadequate evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of metallic chromium, barium chromate and chromium(III) compounds. Overall evaluation: Metallic chromium and chromium(III) compounds are not classifiable as to their carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3). /Metallic chromium and chromium(III) compounds/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

这项研究调查了口服给予三价和六价铬（Cr）（实验I）或在小肠中输注（实验II）在大鼠中的肠吸收情况。比较了不可吸收的铬形式（51Cr2O3）和水溶性、更易吸收的Na2(51)CrO4（六价铬形式）。口服给予的铬的总保留率约为剂量的15%，与所用的铬化合物无关。被认为是非吸收性化合物的铬（III）氧化物的吸收率为铬摄入量的14.4%。这一结果表明，在用指示剂方法进行的代谢试验中，必须考虑到一些铬的损失。在隔离的大鼠小肠中，在一小时内注射的Cr中，2.5%的铬（III）氧化物和43.2%的铬酸钠被吸收（实验II）。吸收的铬转移到肝脏，其中肝组织保留了铬（III）氧化物的10.9%和铬酸钠的51.1%。在肠道注射Na2CrO4后，下腔静脉的放射性活度是Cr2O3剂量后的三十倍。这一现象可以通过铬酸盐的血清除率较低来解释。根据给药途径，铬酸盐的不同吸收率可能是由于口服给予的六价形式在胃的酸性环境中被还原为Cr3+。当Na2CrO4直接输注到大鼠的小肠中时，这种还原不会发生。这意味着，当口服给予Na2CrO4时，酸性胃液可能在抑制Na2CrO4的肠吸收中发挥作用。

The intestinal absorption of trivalent and hexavalent chromium (Cr) given orally (experiment I) or infused in the intestine (experiment II) was investigated in rats. The nonabsorbable form of chromium ((51)Cr2O3) and water-soluble and more absorbable Na2(51)CrO4 (the hexavalent form of Cr) were compared. Total retention of chromium given orally ranged around 15 percent of the dose, regardless of the chromium compounds applied. The absorption rate of chromic oxide, which is considered a nonabsorbable compound, was 14.4 as a percentage of chromium intake. This result indicates that some loss of chromium has to be taken into account in metabolic trials made by the indicator method. In isolated rat intestine, from the injected Cr 2.5% of chromic oxide and 43.2% of sodium chromate were absorbed during an hour (experiment II). The absorbed chromium was transferred to the liver where the liver tissue retained 10.9% of chromic oxide and 51.1% of sodium chromate. Radioactivity of v. cava caudalis following intestinal injection of Na2CrO4 was thirtyfold greater than after Cr2O3 dosing. This phenomenon can be explained by the lower blood clearance of chromate. Different absorption rate of chromate depending on the route of administration could be due to the fact that the hexavalent form given orally was reduced to Cr3+ in the acidic environment of the stomach. When Na2CrO4 was infused directly in the intestine of rats, such reduction could not occur. This means that the acidic gastric juice might play a role in inhibiting the intestinal absorption of Na2CrO4 when this compound is given orally.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

在这项研究中，将大肠杆菌DH5alpha（ATCC 35218）暴露于0-100微克/毫升的氧化铬纳米颗粒（Cr2O3，Nps）15-120分钟，通过流式细胞术研究纳米颗粒的内在化。随着浓度和时间的增加，侧向散射（SSC）的浓度依赖性增加确认了Cr2O3 NPs被大肠杆菌内在化。这项研究表明，可以使用流式细胞术快速监测细菌细胞对纳米颗粒的摄取，用于毒性和风险评估。

In this study, Escherichia coli DH5alpha (ATCC 35218) were exposed to 0-100 ug/mL chromium oxide nanoparticles (Cr2O3, Nps) for 15-120 min to study the internalization of Nps by flowcytometry. A concentration-duration dependent increased side scatter (SSC) confirmed the internalization of Cr2O3 NPs by the E. coli. This study suggests that the uptake of Nps by bacterial cells can be rapidly monitored with flow cytometry for toxicity and risk assessment.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

这个研究的目标是找出标记物的特性如何影响家鸡（Gallus gallus）的消化传输时间。使用了一种可溶性标记物Cr-EDTA和两种不溶性标记物Cr2O3以及两种大小的铬染植物细胞。在三到六周大的鸡口服给药标记物后，按照0、0.5、1、2、3、5、7和9小时的间隔连续宰杀。通过原子吸收法测定每个消化段中铬的含量。标记物的初始分布有一些差异；在时间0时，几乎全部的最大尺寸的铬染米糠都存在于嗉囊中，而Cr-EDTA不到一半。标记物从嗉囊中排空的速度很快，与类型或大小无关。相比之下，砂囊的排空速率取决于标记物颗粒的大小。至于盲肠，回肠盲肠连接处允许可溶性Cr-EDTA通过，而不溶性标记物则受到阻碍（Cr2O3）或完全不允许通过（任何大小的植物纤维）。可以得出结论，标记物的选择对于鸡的传输时间研究至关重要，因为其特性可以绝对地决定传输时间。

The aim of this study was to find out how marker characteristics could affect digestive transit time in Gallus gallus. One soluble marker, Cr-EDTA, and two insoluble markers, Cr2O3 and chromium-mordanted plant cells of two sizes, were used. Three- to six-week-old chickens were killed in series after the oral administration of the markers at intervals of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 9 hr. The amount of chromium in each digestive segment was determined by atomic absorption. There were some differences in the initial distribution of markers; whereas almost the total amount of the chromium-mordanted rice husk of the largest size was found in the crop at time 0, less than half of the Cr-EDTA was found. Marker emptying out of the crop was fast and not related to either the type or size. In contrast, the emptying rate of the gizzard depended on marker particle size. As far as the ceca were concerned, the ileocecal junction allowed the passage of soluble Cr-EDTA whereas solid markers were impeded (Cr2O3) or not allowed to pass through at all (vegetable fiber of any size). It can be concluded that marker selection is of major importance to transit time studies in chickens, since its characteristics can determine transit time in an absolute way.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

小肠消化率可以通过比较饲料和从回肠T型瘘管收集的流出物来测量。然而，必须在与食物中包含一种不可消化、不可吸收的标记物，如三氧化铬（Cr2O3），因为简单的T型瘘管并不能完全转移肠液。本研究旨在评估Cr2O3在瘘管狗体内的排泄模式，因为Cr2O3的动力学以前没有在这类非反刍动物中研究过。在拉丁方设计中，将三氧化铬添加到四种饲料中，喂养给八只带有瘘管的混合品种狗。这四种饮食中蛋白质的比例来自组织化植物蛋白（0%至57%）和牛肉（100%至43%），因此蛋白质和碳水化合物的消化率在饮食之间有所不同。在每期饮食的第二周收集所有粪便，在第三周收集所有回肠流出物。Cr2O3的回肠回收率几乎是完全的（94%），并且高于粪便回收率（87%）（P <或= 0.03）。各组间回收率无差异。第一天的小肠干物质消化率比第二天到第四天低约2个百分点（P <或= 0.007）。然而，这些随后日子里的小肠干物质消化率变化很小，因此单日收集应该是准确的。在每次收集期间，肠液中的三氧化铬浓度变化很大，但在每次收集的开始时增加，在结束时下降。因此，点采样可能会导致营养消化率的不准确估计。

Small intestinal digestibility can be measured by comparing feed with effluent collected from an ileal T-cannula. Nevertheless, a nondigestible, nonabsorbable marker, such as chromic oxide (Cr2O3), must be included in the diet because simple T-cannula do not divert chyme completely. This study was conducted to evaluate the excretion pattern of Cr2O3 in cannulated dogs because the kinetics of Cr2O3 has not been previously investigated in this nonruminant species. Chromic oxide was added to four diets fed to eight cannulated mixed-breed dogs in a Latin-square design. The four diets contained reciprocal proportions of protein from texturized vegetable protein (0% to 57%) and from beef (100% to 43%), so protein and carbohydrate digestibility varied among diets. All feces were collected during wk 2 and all ileal effluent during wk 3 of each diet period. Ileal recovery of Cr2O3 was almost complete (94%) and was greater than fecal recovery (87%) (P < or =0.03). Recovery was not different among diet groups. Ileal DM digestibility was approximately 2 percentage units lower on d 1 (P < or = 0.007) than on d 2 to 4. Nevertheless, ileal DM digestibility varied little on these subsequent days so single-day collections should be accurate. Chromic oxide concentration in chyme varied widely during each collection but increased at the start and declined towards the end of each collection. Spot sampling may therefore result in inaccurate estimates of nutrient digestibility.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

反应信息

• 作为反应物：
  描述：

  chromium (III) oxide 生成 蓝宝石粉
  参考文献：
  名称：

  MATSUNO, XIROSI;SAGO, FUMIO

  摘要：

  DOI：
• 作为产物：
  描述：

  Ammonium dichromate 生成 chromium (III) oxide
  参考文献：
  名称：

  CIAHOTNY, KAREL;MACHALEK, PAVEL;PICK, PETR;SIMANEK, JIRI, SB. USCHT PARZE D., 56,(1988) C. 145-172

  摘要：

  DOI：
• 作为试剂：
  描述：

  异氟醚 、 盐酸 、 地氟烷 在 chromium (III) oxide 盐酸 作用下， 82.0 ℃ 、151.39 MPa 条件下， 生成 Desflurane Hydrogen Fluoride
  参考文献：
  名称：

  Separation/Purification of Desflurane from Hydrogen Fluoride

  摘要：

  一种由氟烷（CF3CFHOCF2H）和氢氟酸（HF）组成的共沸混合物。可以通过分馏粗混合物中的氟烷和氢氟酸来制备共沸混合物。纯度更高的氟烷可以很容易地从共沸混合物中分离出来。强调本摘要仅用于遵守规定要求提供能够让搜索者或其他读者快速确定技术披露主题的摘要。它是在理解不会用于解释或限制附加的已发行专利权利要求的范围或含义的前提下提交的。

  公开号：

  US20080306309A1

文献信息

• Cr₂O₃ nanofiber: a high-performance electrocatalyst toward artificial N₂ fixation to NH₃ under ambient conditions
  作者：Huitong Du、Xiaoxi Guo、Rong-Mei Kong、Fengli Qu

  DOI：10.1039/c8cc07186a

  日期：——

  Cr₂O₃ nanofiber acts as a superb electrocatalyst for artificial N₂ fixation, showing excellent selectivity and durability under ambient conditions.

  Cr₂O₃纳米纤维在人造N₂固定中作为卓越的电催化剂，表现出在常温下优异的选择性和耐久性。
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  作者：

  DOI：——

  日期：——
• KROHN K.; HEMME C., LIEBIGS ANN. CHEM., 1979, NO 1, 19-34
  作者：KROHN K.、 HEMME C.

  DOI：——

  日期：——
• MOUSSA G. E. M.; BASYOUNI M. N.; SHABAN M. E.; YOUSSEF A. M., J. APPL. CHEM. AND BIOTECHNOL., 1978, 28, NO 12, 875-881
  作者：MOUSSA G. E. M.、 BASYOUNI M. N.、 SHABAN M. E.、 YOUSSEF A. M.

  DOI：——

  日期：——
• LYUBOMILOV V. I.; SLESAREVA L. A.; PSHENITSYNA V. P.; SLONIM I. YA.; BULA+, ZH. ORGAN. XIMII, 1979, 15, HO 12, 2450-2456
  作者：LYUBOMILOV V. I.、 SLESAREVA L. A.、 PSHENITSYNA V. P.、 SLONIM I. YA.、 BULA+

  DOI：——

  日期：——

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