The carbamates are hydrolyzed enzymatically by the liver; degradation products are excreted by the kidneys and the liver. (L793) Organic nitriles are converted into cyanide ions through the action of cytochrome P450 enzymes in the liver. Cyanide is rapidly absorbed and distributed throughout the body. Cyanide is mainly metabolized into thiocyanate by either rhodanese or 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfur transferase. Cyanide metabolites are excreted in the urine. (L96)
Nitrilacarb is a cholinesterase or acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. Carbamates form unstable complexes with chlolinesterases by carbamoylation of the active sites of the enzymes. This inhibition is reversible. A cholinesterase inhibitor suppresses the action of acetylcholine esterase. Because of its essential function, chemicals that interfere with the action of acetylcholine esterase are potent neurotoxins, causing excessive salivation and eye-watering in low doses. Headache, salivation, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea are often prominent at higher levels of exposure. Acetylcholine esterase breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is released at nerve and muscle junctions, in order to allow the muscle or organ to relax. The result of acetylcholine esterase inhibition is that acetylcholine builds up and continues to act so that any nerve impulses are continually transmitted and muscle contractions do not stop.
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
对人类无致癌性（未列入国际癌症研究机构IARC清单）。
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Acute exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors can cause a cholinergic crisis characterized by severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Accumulation of ACh at motor nerves causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression at the neuromuscular junction. When this occurs symptoms such as muscle weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, fasciculation, and paralysis can be seen. When there is an accumulation of ACh at autonomic ganglia this causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression in the sympathetic system. Symptoms associated with this are hypertension, and hypoglycemia. Overstimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system, due to accumulation of ACh, results in anxiety, headache, convulsions, ataxia, depression of respiration and circulation, tremor, general weakness, and potentially coma. When there is expression of muscarinic overstimulation due to excess acetylcholine at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors symptoms of visual disturbances, tightness in chest, wheezing due to bronchoconstriction, increased bronchial secretions, increased salivation, lacrimation, sweating, peristalsis, and urination can occur. Chronically high (>10 years) exposure leads to neuropsychological consequences including disturbances in perception and visuo-motor processing (A15321).
As with organophosphates, the signs and symptoms are based on excessive cholinergic stimulation. Unlike organophosphate poisoning, carbamate poisonings tend to be of shorter duration because the inhibition of nervous tissue acetylcholinesterase is reversible, and carbamates are more rapidly metabolized. Muscle weakness, dizziness, sweating and slight body discomfort are commonly reported early symptoms. Headache, salivation, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea are often prominent at higher levels of exposure. Contraction of the pupils with blurred vision, incoordination, muscle twitching and slurred speech have been reported. (L795)
Verfahren zur Herstellung von 2,2-Dimethyl-4-cyan-butyraldoxim-N-methyl-carbamat
申请人：BASF Aktiengesellschaft
公开号：EP0010591A1
公开（公告）日：1980-05-14
Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von 2,2-Dimethyl-4-cyan-butyraldoxim-N-methyl-carbamat, das dadurch gekennzeichnet ist, daß 2,2-Dimethyl-4-cyan-butyraldoxim in Gegenwart der 1,05- bis 2fachen molaren Menge eines tertiären aliphatischen Amins mit einer mindestens äquimolaren Mengen Methylcarbaminsäurechlorid in Form einer konzentrierten Lösung von mindestens 8 Mol Methylcarbaminsäurechlorid pro Liter inertes organisches Lösungsmittel bei einer Temperatur im Bereich zwischen 0 und 30° C umgesetzt wird.
2,2-Dimethyl-4-cyan-butyraldoxim-N-methyl-carbamid ist als insektizider und akarizider Wirkstoff bekannt.
Ce collier comprend une matière support (1) imprégné d'une substance insecticide et entourée, au moins sur trois de ses quatre faces, d'une matière polymère ayant une épaisseur et une nature telles que la migration de la substance insecticide à travers la gaine soit comprise entre 0,6 et 0,3 mg/jour/cm2 de surface de lanière.
The present invention relates to a process for the treatment of individual plants with solid shaped plant treatment agents which are introduced into the sap conduction paths of the plants, new solid shaped plant treatment agents and their production.
Shaped bodies which release agrochemical active substances
申请人：——
公开号：US20010039248A1
公开（公告）日：2001-11-08
The present invention relates to shaped articles which release agrochemical active compounds, are used for treatment of woody plants and
are employed in a hollow preformed in the woody plant,
are of a volume which fills the volume of the hollow to the extent of 10 to 95%,
are of a volume which does not increase during the period of use to the extent that the preformed hollow space is filled completely,
comprise a) agrochemical active compounds, b) water-insoluble thermoplastically processable polymers, c) water-soluble polymers and d) if appropriate further auxiliaries.
SHAPED BODIES WHICH RELEASE AGROCHEMICAL ACTIVE SUBSTANCES
申请人：——
公开号：US20020061323A1
公开（公告）日：2002-05-23
The present invention relates to shaped articles which release agrochemical active compounds, are used for treatment of woody plants and
are employed in a hollow preformed in the woody plant,
are of a volume which fills the volume of the hollow to the extent of 10 to 95%,
are of a volume which does not increase during the period of use to the extent that the preformed hollow space is filled completely,
comprise
a) agrochemical active compounds,
b) water-insoluble thermoplastically processable polymers,
c) water-soluble polymers and
d) is appropriate further auxiliaries.
本发明涉及可释放农用化学活性化合物的异形物品，这些物品用于处理木本植物，并且
用于木本植物中预先形成的中空部分、
其体积可填充中空体积的 10%至 95%、
其体积在使用期间不会增大到完全填满预制中空空间的程度、
包括
a) 农用化学品活性化合物、
b) 不溶于水的可热塑性加工聚合物、
c) 水溶性聚合物和
d) 适当的其他辅助剂。
