Cadmium nitrate | 10325-94-7

• 物质功能分类: 无机化工 - 无机盐 - 金属硝酸盐及亚硝酸盐
• 分子结构分类: 无机化合物 - 混合金属/非金属化合物 - 过渡金属氧阴离子化合物
• 英文名称: Cadmium nitrate
• 英文别名: cadmium(2+);dinitrate
• CAS: 10325-94-7
• 化学式: CdN2O6
• 分子量: 236.42
• InChiKey: XIEPJMXMMWZAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N

物化性质

• 熔点：
  59.4℃
• 沸点：
  132℃
• 密度：
  2.455（17/4℃）
• 溶解度：
  溶于乙醇
• 物理描述：
  Cadmium nitrate is an odorless white solid. Sinks in water. (USCG, 1999)
• 颜色/状态：
  White cubic crystals
• 稳定性/保质期：
  1. **稳定性** 稳定。 2. **禁配物** 易燃或可燃物、硫、磷、还原剂、金属粉末等。 3. **避免接触的条件** 受热。 4. **聚合危害** 不聚合。 5. **分解产物** 氮氧化物。
• 分解：
  When heated to decomp, emits very toxic fumes of /cadmium and nitrogen oxides/.

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  -0.48
• 重原子数：
  9
• 可旋转键数：
  0
• 环数：
  0.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.0
• 拓扑面积：
  126
• 氢给体数：
  0
• 氢受体数：
  6

ADMET

代谢

镉可以通过口腔、吸入和皮肤途径被吸收。镉最初与金属硫蛋白和清蛋白结合，并主要输送到肾脏和肝脏。当镉的浓度超过了可用金属硫蛋白的量时，就会观察到毒性效应，而且已经证明镉-金属硫蛋白复合物可能具有损害性。镉不进行任何直接的代谢转化，并以原形主要在尿液中排出。摄入一定量的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐是人类氮循环的正常部分。在适当的条件下，硝酸盐可以在胃肠道内转化为亚硝酸盐，显著增强硝酸盐的毒性。硝酸盐的主要代谢途径是转化为亚硝酸盐，然后转化为氨。亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐及其代谢物通过尿液排出。

Cadmium is absorbed from oral, inhalation, and dermal routes. Cadmium initially binds to metallothionein and albumin and is transported mainly to the kidney and liver. Toxic effects are observed once the concentration of cadmium exceeds that of available metallothionein, and it has also been shown that the cadmium-metallothionein complex may be damaging. Cadmium is not known to undergo any direct metabolic conversion and is excreted unchanged, mainly in the urine. Intake of some amount of nitrates and nitrites is a normal part of the nitrogen cycle in humans. In vivo conversion of nitrates to nitrites can occur in the gastrointestional tract under the right conditions, significantly enhancing nitrates' toxic potency. The major metabolic pathway for nitrate is conversion to nitrite, and then to ammonia. Nitrites, nitrates, and their metabolites are excreted in the urine. (L1137, L6)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 毒性总结

镉最初与金属硫蛋白结合，并运输到肾脏。当镉的浓度超过可用金属硫蛋白时，就会观察到毒性效应，并且已经显示镉-金属硫蛋白复合物可能具有损害性。肾脏中镉的积累导致重要低分子量和高分子量蛋白的排泄增加。镉是亲和力高的锌类似物，可以干扰其生物过程。它还与雌激素受体结合并激活它，可能刺激某些类型癌细胞的生长并引起其他雌激素效应，如生殖功能障碍。镉通过激活丝裂原活化蛋白激酶导致细胞凋亡。硝酸盐的毒性是由于它进入体内后转化为亚硝酸盐。亚硝酸盐导致氧合血红蛋白的自动催化氧化成过氧化氢和高铁血红蛋白。这种高铁血红蛋白水平的升高被称为高铁血红蛋白血症，其特点是组织缺氧，因为高铁血红蛋白不能结合氧气。(A2450, L1613, L8, A18, A19, A28)

Cadmium initially binds to metallothionein and is transported to the kidney. Toxic effects are observed once the concentration of cadmium exceeds that of available metallothionein, and it has also been shown that the cadmium-metallothionein complex may be damaging. Accumulation of cadmium in the kidney results in increased excretion of vital low and high weight molecular proteins. Cadmium is a high affinity zinc analog and can interfere in its biological processes. It also binds to and activates the estrogen receptor, likely stimulating the growth of certain types of cancer cells and causing other estrogenic effects, such as reproductive dysfunction. Cadmium causes cell apoptosis by activating mitogen-activated protein kinases. Nitrate's toxicity is a result of it's conversion to nitrite once in the body. Nitrite causes the autocatalytic oxidation of oxyhemoglobin to hydrogen peroxide and methemoglobin. This elevation of methemoglobin levels is a condition known as methemoglobinemia, and is characterized by tissue hypoxia, as methemoglobin cannot bind oxygen. (A2450, L1613, L8, A18, A19, A28)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 致癌性证据

评估：有足够的人类证据表明镉及其化合物具有致癌性。有足够的实验动物证据表明镉化合物具有致癌性。对于镉金属的致癌性，实验动物中提供的证据有限。在做出整体评估时，工作组考虑到了证据，即离子镉会在包括人类细胞在内的各种真核细胞中引起遗传毒性效应。总体评估：镉及其化合物对人类具有致癌性（第1组）。/镉和镉化合物/

Evaluation: There is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of cadmium and cadmium compounds. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of cadmium compounds. There is limited evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of cadmium metal. In making the overall evaluation, the Working Group took into consideration the evidence that ionic cadmium causes genotoxic effects in a variety of types of eukaryotic cells, including human cells. Overall evaluation: Cadmium and cadmium compounds are carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). /Cadmium and cadmium compounds/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 致癌性证据

分类：B1；可能的人类致癌物。分类依据：来自职业流行病学研究中的镉证据有限，但在调查者和研究人群之间是一致的。有充分的证据表明，在大鼠和小鼠中通过吸入、肌肉注射和皮下注射具有致癌性。在大鼠和小鼠中的七项研究中，口服镉盐（醋酸盐、硫酸盐、氯化物）没有显示出致癌反应的证据。人类致癌性数据：有限。/根据前美国环保署指南进行的分类/

CLASSIFICATION: B1; probable human carcinogen. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Limited evidence from occupational epidemiologic studies of cadmium is consistent across investigators and study populations. There is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in rats and mice by inhalation and intramuscular and subcutaneous injection. Seven studies in rats and mice wherein cadmium salts (acetate, sulfate, chloride) were administered orally have shown no evidence of carcinogenic response. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Limited. /Classification based on former EPA guidelines/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 致癌性证据

A2；怀疑为人类致癌物。/镉及其化合物，如Cd/

A2; Suspected human carcinogen. /Cadmium and compounds, as Cd/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 致癌性证据

镉及其化合物：已知是人类致癌物。

Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds: known to be human carcinogens.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

最近一项对现有科学文献的荟萃分析表明，如果镉以有机形式存在于草中，羊对其的吸收效率会比将其作为无机补充剂添加到饮食中更高。我们通过实验测试了这一点，给羊喂食来自受污染土壤的草，与未受污染的草以及添加了镉的饮食进行比较。为了产生受污染的牧草，我们在种植多年生黑麦草的11个 lysimeters（模拟土壤装置）中添加了硝酸镉，另外11个 lysimeters 没有添加镉以产生未受污染的牧草。在添加了镉的 lysimeters 中，土壤的可交换 K、Mg 和 Ca 增加，滤出液中的 K、Mg、Ca、Na 和 P 增加，草中的镉含量增加，而 Mg、Na、P、Mn、Fe、Cr、Al 和 Ni 含量降低，与未处理的 lysimeters 相比，草的产量也有所减少。将来自添加或未添加镉的 lysimeters 的草喂给每组12只母羊，持续2天，通过向接受未受污染草的母羊的精料中添加硝酸镉来使镉摄入量相等。与接受补充无机镉的母羊相比，接受富含镉草的母羊对镉、锌、钼、铬和铝的表观吸收增加，而对铜的表观吸收减少。大部分未吸收的镉在喂食后的4天内随粪便排出。食用含镉草的母羊尿液中 B（硼）浓度增加，可能是由于镉对肾脏功能的有害影响。最后，母羊有机会选择两种牧草，他们显著更多地食用了未受污染的草。结论是，在短期实验中，羊对镉和其他重金属的表观吸收在镉存在于草中时比镉以无机形式添加时要高，而且羊会部分避免食用镉含量高的牧草。

A meta-analysis of existing scientific literature recently suggested that Cd is absorbed more efficiently by sheep if it is in the organic form in grass, than if it is added as an inorganic supplement to the diet. We tested this experimentally by feeding sheep grass from contaminated soil, compared with uncontaminated grass and with Cd added to the diet. To produce contaminated herbage, Cd nitrate was added to soil in 11 lysimeters sown with perennial ryegrass, with a further 11 lysimeters receiving no Cd to produce uncontaminated herbage. In the Cd-treated lysimeters, soil had increased exchangeable K, Mg, and Ca, leachate had increased K, Mg, Ca, Na, and P, grass had increased Cd and reduced Mg, Na, P, Mn, Fe, Cr, Al, and Ni, and there was some reduction in grass yield compared with untreated lysimeters. Grass from Cd-treated or untreated lysimeters was fed to groups of 12 ewes for 2 days, with Cd intake equated by adding Cd nitrate to the concentrate feed of ewes receiving the uncontaminated grass. The apparent absorption of Cd, Zn, Mo, Cr, and Al was increased for ewes receiving Cd-enriched grass, and apparent absorption of Cu was reduced, compared to those receiving supplementary inorganic Cd. Most of the unabsorbed Cd was excreted in feces within 4 days of feeding. The ewes consuming Cd in grass had increased B concentrations in their urine, possibly due to adverse effects of Cd on kidney function. Finally, the ewes were offered a choice of the two herbages and they ate significantly more of the uncontaminated grass. It is concluded that the apparent absorption of Cd and other heavy metals by sheep in a short-term experiment was greater when Cd was in the grass than when the Cd was added in in an inorganic form and that sheep partially avoided herbage with a high Cd concentration.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

安全信息

• 危险等级：
  6.1(b)
• 危险品标志：
  N,T
• 安全说明：
  S26,S36,S36/37,S45,S53,S60
• 危险类别码：
  R45
• WGK Germany：
  3
• 包装等级：
  II
• 危险类别：
  6.1(b)

制备方法与用途

化学性质

白色菱形或针状结晶。易溶于水、乙醇、液氨、丙酮、醋酸乙酯，不溶于浓硝酸。

用途

用于制造催化剂、电池、含镉药剂及其他镉盐和氧化镉、分析试剂等。此外，还用作测定锌和亚铁氰化物的试剂，并可用于其他镉盐及催化剂的制备；校准仪器和装置；评价方法；工作标准；质量保证/质量控制。

生产方法

称取200g 99%的金属镉，放入1000mL烧杯中。先用1∶6的高纯稀硝酸洗涤一次，然后用电导水冲洗，接着缓慢加入220mL 2:1的高纯稀硝酸，尽量使镉剩余一些（约过量7g左右）。待反应结束后，用砂芯漏斗过滤溶液，并将澄清滤液倒入烧杯中。在电炉上加热浓缩至一定浓度时，用一根玻璃棒插入蒸发液中，取出棒时若发现棒上有晶片出现，则停止加热，冷却结晶。将结晶以小型离心机甩干，得到光谱纯硝酸镉。然后将成品放入盛有P2O5的干燥器内于60℃真空下干燥，最终得170g光谱纯硝酸镉。

类别

氧化剂

毒性分级

高毒

急性毒性

口服- 大鼠 LD50: 300毫克/公斤；口服- 小鼠 LD50: 100毫克/公斤

爆炸物危险特性

与还原剂、硫、磷等混合受热、撞击、摩擦可爆炸

可燃性危险特性

与有机物、还原剂、易燃物硫、磷混合可燃；受热分解产生有毒氧化氮和含镉化物气体

储运特性

库房应通风低温干燥；轻装轻卸；与有机物、还原剂、硫、磷等易燃物及食品原料分开存放

灭火剂

雾状水、二氧化碳、泡沫

职业标准

TWA 0.05毫克(镉)/立方米

反应信息

• 作为反应物：
  描述：

  Cadmium nitrate 生成 氧化镉
  参考文献：
  名称：

  BELOV, B. A.;SURIS, A. L., APPARATY VYSOKOTEMPERATUR. TEXN., M.,(1988) S. 106-125

  摘要：

  DOI：
• 作为产物：
  描述：

  氧化镉 、 硝酸 生成 Cadmium nitrate
  参考文献：
  名称：

  MORITA, EHJDZI;TADZIMA, JOSIMI;OGIMORI, KEHNDZI

  摘要：

  DOI：

文献信息

• One-Pot Synthesis of High-Quality Metal Chalcogenide Nanocrystals Without Precursor Injection
  申请人：Cao Yunwei Charles

  公开号：US20090084307A1

  公开（公告）日：2009-04-02

  A method of forming monodisperse metal chalcogenide nanocrystals without precursor injection, comprising the steps of: combining a metal source, a chalcogen oxide or a chalcogen oxide equivalent, and a fluid comprising a reducing agent in a reaction pot at a first temperature to form a liquid comprising assembly; increasing the temperature of the assembly to a sufficient-temperature to initiate nucleation to form a plurality of metal chalcogenide nanocrystals; and growing the plurality of metal chalcogenide nanocrystals without injection of either the metal source or the chalcogen oxide at a temperature equal to or greater than the sufficient-temperature, wherein crystal growth proceeds substantially without nucleation to form a plurality of monodisperse metal chalcogenide nanocrystals. Well controlled monodispersed CdSe nanocrystals of various sizes can be prepared by choice of the metal source and solvent system.

  一种无需前体注入形成单分散金属硫族化合物纳米晶体的方法，包括以下步骤：将金属源、硫族氧化物或硫族氧化物等效物和包含还原剂的流体在反应釜中在第一温度下混合形成液体组装体；将组装体的温度提高到足够的温度以启动成核以形成多个金属硫族化合物纳米晶体；并在等于或高于足够温度的温度下生长多个金属硫族化合物纳米晶体，而不注入金属源或硫族氧化物，其中晶体生长在很大程度上进行而不需要成核以形成多个单分散金属硫族化合物纳米晶体。通过选择金属源和溶剂系统可以制备各种尺寸的良好控制的单分散CdSe纳米晶体。
• One-pot synthesis of high-quality metal chalcogenide nanocrystals without precursor injection
  申请人：University of Florida Research Foundation, Inc.

  公开号：US08137457B2

  公开（公告）日：2012-03-20

  A method of forming monodisperse metal chalcogenide nanocrystals without precursor injection, comprising the steps of: combining a metal source, a chalcogen oxide or a chalcogen oxide equivalent, and a fluid comprising a reducing agent in a reaction pot at a first temperature to form a liquid comprising assembly; increasing the temperature of the assembly to a sufficient-temperature to initiate nucleation to form a plurality of metal chalcogenide nanocrystals; and growing the plurality of metal chalcogenide nanocrystals without injection of either the metal source or the chalcogen oxide at a temperature equal to or greater than the sufficient-temperature, wherein crystal growth proceeds substantially without nucleation to form a plurality of monodisperse metal chalcogenide nanocrystals. Well controlled monodispersed CdSe nanocrystals of various sizes can be prepared by choice of the metal source and solvent system.

  一种制备单分散金属硫属化物纳米晶体的方法，不需要前驱体注入，包括以下步骤：在第一温度下将金属源、硫属氧化物或硫属氧化物等效物和包含还原剂的流体组合在反应罐中形成液态组合物；将组合物的温度升高到足够的温度以启动成核形成多个金属硫属化物纳米晶体；在等于或高于足够温度的温度下生长多个金属硫属化物纳米晶体，而不注入金属源或硫属氧化物，其中晶体生长在很大程度上在没有成核的情况下进行，形成多个单分散金属硫属化物纳米晶体。通过选择金属源和溶剂系统，可以制备各种尺寸的良好控制的单分散CdSe纳米晶体。
• Quantum dot radiation detection, systems and methods
  申请人：Nagarkar Vivek

  公开号：US09151668B1

  公开（公告）日：2015-10-06

  The present invention relates to scintillators and related devices and methods. More specifically, the present invention relates to quantum dot scintillators for use, for example, in radiation detection, including gamma-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray and neutron detection.

  本发明涉及闪烁体及相关设备和方法。更具体地说，本发明涉及量子点闪烁体的使用，例如在辐射检测中，包括伽马射线光谱学以及X射线和中子检测。
• MORITA, EHJDZI;TADZIMA, JOSIMI;OGIMORI, KEHNDZI
  作者：MORITA, EHJDZI、TADZIMA, JOSIMI、OGIMORI, KEHNDZI

  DOI：——

  日期：——
• KOMAROV, V. S.;VELICHKO, N. I.;RATKO, A. I.
  作者：KOMAROV, V. S.、VELICHKO, N. I.、RATKO, A. I.

  DOI：——

  日期：——