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钡 | 7440-39-3

中文名称
中文别名
金属钡;鋇;钡棒
英文名称
Barium
英文别名
——
钡化学式
CAS
7440-39-3
化学式
Ba
mdl
——
分子量
137.33
InChiKey
DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
BEILSTEIN
——
EINECS
——
  • 物化性质
  • 计算性质
  • ADMET
  • 安全信息
  • SDS
  • 制备方法与用途
  • 上下游信息
  • 反应信息
  • 文献信息
  • 表征谱图
  • 同类化合物
  • 相关功能分类
  • 相关结构分类

物化性质

  • 熔点:
    725 °C(lit.)
  • 沸点:
    1640 °C(lit.)
  • 密度:
    3.6 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
  • 溶解度:
    与H2O反应;微溶于乙醇
  • 暴露限值:
    TLV-TWA 0.5 mg/m3 (for soluble compounds) (ACGIH and MSHA); IDLH (for soluble compounds) 250 mg/m3 (NIOSH). .
  • 物理描述:
    Barium appears as a silver to white metallic solid . Contact may cause burns to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. May be toxic by ingestion, inhalation and skin absorption. Used to make other chemicals.
  • 颜色/状态:
    Silvery-white, slightly lustrous, body-centered cubic structure
  • 蒸汽压力:
    1 Pa, 638 °C; 10 Pa, 765 °C; 100 Pa, 912 °C; 1 kPa, 1115 °C; 10 kPa, 1413 °C; 100 kPa, 1897 °C
  • 稳定性/保质期:
    The free element oxidizes readily in moist air.
  • 表面张力:
    224 dynes/cm (liq form of barium) at 720 °C in argon atmosphere as determined by bubbler pressure method

计算性质

  • 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP):
    -0.38
  • 重原子数:
    1
  • 可旋转键数:
    0
  • 环数:
    0.0
  • sp3杂化的碳原子比例:
    0.0
  • 拓扑面积:
    0
  • 氢给体数:
    0
  • 氢受体数:
    0

ADMET

毒理性
  • 毒性总结
识别:钡是一种淡黄色的白色软金属,具有强烈的电正性。在自然界中,钡以化合态存在,主要形式为硫酸钡(重晶石)和碳酸钡(钡白云石)。钡也以少量存在于火成岩中,如长石和云母。它也可能作为化石燃料的自然组成部分,并存在于空气、水和土壤中。人类暴露:人类可以通过空气、水或食物接触钡。另一个钡的来源是核辐射尘埃。普通人在骨骼中积累了91%的钡。在各种组织中可以发现微量的钡,如主动脉、大脑、心脏、肾脏、脾脏、胰腺和肺。人体内钡的总含量随着年龄的增长而增加,体内水平取决于个人的地理位置/SRP:一些来源说钡随年龄增长而减少。在所有死胎样本中都发现了钡,这表明它能够穿过胎盘。吸入的钡可以通过肺部或直接从鼻腔膜进入血液。钡通过尿液和粪便排出,排出速率因给药途径而异。在24小时内,大约20%的钡剂量(注入人体)通过粪便排出,大约5%通过尿液排出。血浆中的钡在24小时内几乎从血液中排出。动物/植物研究:通常,钡不会在常见植物中积累到足以对动物产生毒性的量。大量钡(高达1260 mg/kg)积累在豆类、紫花苜蓿和大豆中。动物摄入的钡主要通过粪便而不是尿液排出。估计大鼠钡的生物半衰期为90-120天。动物摄入钡的急性效应包括流涎、恶心、腹泻、心动过速、低钾血症、抽搐、骨骼肌弛缓性瘫痪、呼吸肌麻痹和心室纤颤可能导致死亡。各种研究表明,钡对心室自动性和心脏起搏电流有不利影响。给麻醉狗静脉注射钡表明,这些急性效应是由于迅速且严重的低钾血症。钡会引起轻微的皮肤和眼睛刺激。饮用水中钡含量与出生缺陷发生率之间没有明确的关联。没有证据表明钡是致癌的。在大鼠饮用水中给予10或100 mg钡/L,16个月后出现高血压,但在1 mg/L时并未引起任何血压变化。16个月时(100 mg钡/L)对心肌功能的分析显示心脏收缩性和兴奋性显著改变,心肌代谢紊乱,心血管系统对戊巴比妥钠的敏感性增加。钡具有化学和生理学特性,使其能够与钙竞争并取代钙,特别是与肾上腺儿茶酚胺和神经递质(如乙酰胆碱和去甲肾上腺素)释放相关的特性。钡影响发芽细菌孢子的发育,并对不同微生物产生多种特定影响,包括抑制细胞过程。关于钡对水生生物的影响的信息很少。在30天的暴露后,对鱼的存活没有影响。然而,在21天的研究中,水蚤的繁殖受损和生长减少。海洋植物以及无脊椎动物可能会从海水中积极积累钡。
IDENTIFICATION: Barium is a yellowish white soft metal that is strongly electropositive. In nature barium occurs in a combined state, the principal forms being barite (barium sulfate) and witherite (barium carbonate). Barium is also present in small quantities in igneous rocks such as feldspar and micas. It may also be found as a natural component of fossil fuel and is present in the air, water and soil. HUMAN EXPOSURE: Exposure to barium can occur through the air, water or food. Another souce of barium is nuclear fallout. The average person accumulates 91% of barium in bones. Trace quantities are found in various tissues such as the aorta, brain, heart, kidney, spleen, pancreas and lung. Total barium in human beings tends to increase with age and the levels in the body depend on the geographical location of the individual /SRP: Some sources say barium decreases with age/. Barium has also been found in all samples of stillborn babies, suggesting it can cross the placenta. Inhaled barium can be absorbed through the lung or directly from the nasal membrane into the blood. Barium is eliminated in the urine and feces, the rates varying with the route of administration. Within 24 hr approximately 20% of the barium dose, injected into humans was eliminated in the feces and approxinately 5% in the urine. Plasma barium is almost eliminated from the blood stream within 24 hr. ANIMAL/PLANT STUDIES: In general, barium does not accumulate in common plants in sufficient quantities to be toxic to animals. Large quantities of barium (as high as 1260 mg/kg) accumulated in legumes, alfalfa and soybeans. The elimination of ingested barium in animals occurs mainly in the feces rather than in the urine. An estimated of the biological half-life for barium in the rat is 90-120 days. The acute effects of barium ingestion in animals includes salivation, nausea, diarrhea, tachycardia, hypokalaemia, twitching, flacid paralysis of skeletal muscle, respiratory muscle paralysis and ventricular fibrillation may lead to death. Various studies have demonstrated the detremental effect of barium upon ventricular automaticity and pacemaker current in the heart. IV barium injections to anesthetized dogs indicated that these acute effects were due to prompt and substantial hypokalemia. Barium causes mild skin and eye irritation. No conclusive association was found between the level of barium in the drinking water and the incidence of congenital malformations. There is no evidence that barium is carcinogenic. Rats given 10 or 100 mg barium/L in their drinking water for 16 months experienced hypertension, but at a level of 1 mg/L did not induce any blood pressure changes. Analysis of myocardial function at 16 months (100 mg barium/L) revealed significantly altered cardiac contractility and excitability, myocardial metabolic disturbances and hypersensitivity of the cardiovascular system to sodium pentobarbital. Barium posesses chemical and physiological properties that allow it to compete with and replace calcium, particularly those relating to the release of adrenal catecholamines and neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and norepinephrine. Barium affects the development of germinating bacterial spores and has a variety of specific effects on different microorganisms including the inhibition of cellular processes. Little information is available on the effects of barium on aquatic organisms. There were no effects on survival of fish following exposure for 30 days. However, in a 21 day study, impairment of reproduction and reduction in growth in daphnids. Marine plants as well as invertebrates may actively accumulate barium from sea water.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
  • 致癌性证据
证据权重特征:根据美国环保局1986年的致癌风险评估指南,钡将被归类为D组,即无法归类为人类致癌物。/基于以前的分类系统/
WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE CHARACTERIZATION: Under EPA's 1986 Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, barium would be classified as Group D, not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity. /Based on former classification system/
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
  • 致癌性证据
A4;不能分类为人类致癌物。/钡和可溶性化合物,如Ba/
A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /Barium and soluble compounds, as Ba/
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
  • 暴露途径
这种物质可以通过摄入被身体吸收。
The substance can be absorbed into the body by ingestion.
来源:ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)
毒理性
  • 吸入症状
咳嗽。喉咙痛。
Cough. Sore throat.
来源:ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)
吸收、分配和排泄
摄入的钡的吸收取决于肠道中食物的存在、食物中的硫酸盐含量、动物的年龄以及钡在胃肠道中的位置。
The absorption of ingested barium depends on factors such as the presence of food in the intestine, the sulfate content in the food, the age of the animal, and the location of the barium in the GI tract.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
标准体重70公斤的人体内大约含有22毫克的钡。这种元素的大部分集中在骨骼中(约占91%),其余则分布在软组织中,如主动脉、大脑、心脏、肾脏、脾脏、胰腺和肺部。在人类中,除了主动脉和肺部,总钡含量并不会随着年龄的增长而增加。钡在骨骼中的沉积优先发生在骨骼生长的活跃部位。
... The standard man ... of 70 kg contains approx 22 mg of barium ... A major part of the element is concentrated in the bone (nearly 91%), the remainder being in soft tissues such as the aorta, brain, heart, kidney, spleen, pancreas, and lung ... In human beings there is no increase of total barium with age, except in the aorta and lung ... Barium deposition in the bone occurred preferentially in the active sites of bone growth.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
在健康人体内达到钡平衡状态时(几乎所有的摄入都是通过口腔进行的),大约91%的总排出量在粪便中,6%在汗液中,3%在尿液中……
In healthy human beings in a state of barium equilibrium (virtually all of the intake occurring by mouth), approx 91% of the total output was found in the feces, 6% in sweat, and 3% in urine ...
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
钡元素在所有取自死产婴儿和1岁以下儿童的样本中都有发现,这意味着钡可以穿过胎盘屏障,并可通过母乳传输。
... Barium has been identified in all samples taken from stillborn babies and children up to 1 yr of age, implying that barium can cross the placental barrier and be transported in the maternal milk.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

安全信息

  • 职业暴露等级:
    C
  • 职业暴露限值:
    TWA: 0.5 mg/m3
  • TSCA:
    Yes
  • 危险等级:
    8
  • 立即威胁生命和健康浓度:
    50 mg Ba/m3
  • 危险品标志:
    F,Xi,C
  • 安全说明:
    S16,S23,S26,S36,S36/37,S36/37/39,S43,S45
  • 危险类别码:
    R25
  • WGK Germany:
    3
  • 海关编码:
    2805 19 10
  • 危险品运输编号:
    UN 3264 8/PG 3
  • RTECS号:
    CQ8370000
  • 包装等级:
    III
  • 危险类别:
    8
  • 危险标志:
    GHS02
  • 危险性描述:
    H261
  • 危险性防范说明:
    P231 + P232,P335 + P334,P370 + P378,P402 + P404

SDS

SDS:16891a4190d36bdf3804ae9ab6a517d3
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制备方法与用途

根据提供的信息,以下是关于金属钡的一些关键点:

  1. 性质:

    • 黄银白色软金属
    • 相对密度3.62
    • 熔点729℃
    • 沸点1640℃
  2. 危害性:

    • 金属钡及其化合物有毒,尤其是氯化钡
    • 含有钡的物质可能具有爆炸性
    • 在实验室或工业中使用时需小心处理
  3. 化学性质:

    • 容易与水反应生成氢气和氢氧化钡
    • 微溶于酒精,不溶于苯
    • 比较活泼的碱土金属
  4. 用途:

    • 制造合金(如铅、钙、镁、钠等合金)
    • 清除无线电真空管中的微量气体
    • 生产钡盐
    • 用于焰火制造
    • 核反应堆相关应用
    • 精炼铜时的优良除氧剂
  5. 安全储存与运输:

    • 应储存在无氧气氛或石油中
    • 需要低温干燥环境,避免接触酸、氧化剂和卤代烃等物质
    • 适宜的闪点为10℃(依据资料可能有误)
  6. 急性毒性数据:

    • 口服-狗LDL0: 1毫克/公斤
  7. 遇水反应:

    • 能与水反应生成氢气及氢氧化钡
    • 氢气遇火能引发爆炸
  8. 灭火方法:

    • 使用石墨粉或干砂扑灭金属钡引起的火灾
  9. 安全操作注意事项:

    • 防止皮肤接触和吸入粉尘
    • 误服应立即漱口并送医救治
    • 清除溢出物时注意使用适当的个人防护装备

反应信息

  • 作为反应物:
    描述:
    4-(4,5-二氢-1H-咪唑-2-基)吡啶二氯甲烷 、 ethylacetate-petroleum ether 作用下, 以 二氯甲烷 为溶剂, 反应 24.0h, 以to give 4-(1H-imidazol-2-yl)pyridine (4.7 g, 67% yield)的产率得到4-(1H-咪唑-2-基)吡啶
    参考文献:
    名称:
    Imidazole derivatives
    摘要:
    6-氨基甲酰青霉酸衍生物,其中氨基基团的一个氮原子是杂环环中的一部分,该杂环环上具有一个未取代的含有2至3个氮原子的杂环侧链,可用作抗生素。
    公开号:
    US04605744A1
  • 作为产物:
    描述:
    八水合氢氧化钡 、 硼酸 以to provide hydrated γ barium borate having a barium to boron ratio of 1:2的产率得到Barium(2+);diborate
    参考文献:
    名称:
    Barium borate preparation
    摘要:
    八水氢氧化钡的过滤溶液与硼酸水溶液反应,生成水合的γ-硼酸钡,其钡与硼的比例为1:2,颗粒尺寸细小。水合的γ-硼酸钡在约300℃至400℃下转化为无水γ-形式。进一步加热至约600℃至800℃,将产物转化为β-BaB2O4。最好在烧结陶瓷介电组分时将γ-BaB2O4作为助熔剂添加,并转化为β-形式。
    公开号:
    US04897249A1
  • 作为试剂:
    描述:
    7-Hydroxy-3'-isopropyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,5-benzodioxepin-3-spiro-5'-oxazolidin-2'-on 、 八水合氢氧化钡 在 二氧化碳 、 crude product 、 silica gel 、 、 hydrate 、 作用下, 以 为溶剂, 反应 17.0h, 以affording 187 mg的产率得到3-isopropylaminomethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[b][1,4]dioxepine-3,7-diol
    参考文献:
    名称:
    3-Hydroxy-3-(1,2,5-thiadiazolyloxyalkanol)-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,5-ben
    摘要:
    描述了具有β-肾上腺素能兴奋作用的3-羟基-3-(取代氨基烷基)-3,4-二氢-2H-1,5-苯并二氧杂环庚烷产品,因此适用于用作支气管扩张剂。这些产品基本上通过从3-氧代-3,4-二氢-2H-1,5-苯并二氧杂环庚烷经四种主要途径制备而成。其中一种途径是将3-氧代苯并二氧杂环庚烷与硝基烷反应,得到3-羟基-3-硝基烷基苯并二氧杂环庚烷,其硝基还原为胺基,然后在氢化条件下将所得化合物与醛或酮反应,以引入所需的取代基到氨基功能中。第二个途径是将3-氧代苯并二氧杂环庚烷与碱金属腈反应,形成氰水合物,还原后形成3-羟基-3-氨基烷基苯并二氧杂环庚烷,可以用酮或醛处理以得到所需的产物,或者可以与亚硝酸钠或其他试剂反应形成3-螺-苯并二氧杂环庚烷-2-环氧烷,再与胺反应以提供所需的产物。也可以通过用磺酰亚胺处理3-氧代苯并二氧杂环庚烷来获得3-螺-苯并二氧杂环庚烷-2'-环氧烷。第四种方法涉及形成苯并二氧杂环庚烷-3-螺-5'-噁唑烷-2'-酮,该化合物在稀碱处理下可得到所需的3-羟基-3-(取代氨基烷基)-3,4-二氢-2H-1,5-苯并二氧杂环庚烷。如果需要,在中间噁唑烷酮化合物上可以用各种试剂处理以在起始物质的苯环部分附加取代基。这些噁唑烷酮化合物表现出β-肾上腺素能兴奋和骨骼肌松弛作用。
    公开号:
    US03944560A1
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文献信息

  • Process for isomerizing cycloalkenol to cycloalkanone
    申请人:SCM Corporation
    公开号:US04160786A1
    公开(公告)日:1979-07-10
    A beta-, gamma-unsaturated cycloalkenol contaminated with an acid-forming moiety is catalytically isomerized to a cycloalkanone in the presence of copper chromite catalyst and an insoluble base which suppresses the acid-forming moiety during the isomerization.
    在铬酸铜催化剂和不溶性碱的存在下,含有酸性基团的β-,γ-不饱和环己烯醇被催化异构化为环戊酮,并抑制酸性基团在异构化过程中的产生。
  • Process for forming metal oxide superconductors from a precursor
    申请人:Akzo America Inc.
    公开号:US04923849A1
    公开(公告)日:1990-05-08
    Metal oxide superconductors of the yttrium-barium-copper type can be formed by precipitation from an aqueous solution of the salts of the metals using an oxalate precipitation reagent under basic pH conditions to form a fireable precursor only partly in the form of the oxalate salts of these metals.
    采用草酸沉淀试剂,在碱性pH条件下,从金属盐的水溶液中沉淀,形成钇钡铜型金属氧化物超导体的可烧性前体,该前体仅部分以这些金属的草酸盐形式存在。
  • Penicillanic acid derivatives
    申请人:Hoffmann-La Roche Inc.
    公开号:US04431653A1
    公开(公告)日:1984-02-14
    6-Amidinopenicillanic acid derivatives wherein one of the nitrogen atoms of the amidino group is part of a heterocyclic ring having on a side chain an unsubstituted heterocyclic ring containing 2 to 3 nitrogen atoms, and being useful as an antibiotic.
    6-氨基甲酰青霉酸衍生物,其中氨基基团中的一个氮原子是杂环的一部分,该杂环具有一个未取代的含有2至3个氮原子的杂环侧链,并且可用作抗生素。
  • Preparation of .gamma.-butyrolactone
    申请人:BASF Aktiengesellschaft
    公开号:US05646307A1
    公开(公告)日:1997-07-08
    A process for the preparation of .gamma.-butyrolactone, in which 2,5-dihydrofuran or 2,3-dihydrofuran or a mixture of these two dihydrofurans is caused to react in the gas phase in the presence of water and in the presence or absence of additional hydrogen at elevated temperature over a hydrogenating catalyst.
    一种制备γ-丁内酯的方法,其中在氢化催化剂的存在下,在水的存在或缺失和/或额外氢的存在下,在高温下在气相中引起2,5-二氢呋喃或2,3-二氢呋喃或这两种二氢呋喃的混合物反应。
  • Method of synthesis of 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 21, 24-octaazabicyclo [8.8.8] hexacosane (1) and 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 21, 24-octaazabicyclo [8.8.8] hexacosa, 4, 6, 13, 15, 21, 23-hexaene (2)
    申请人:Board of Trustees of Michigan State University
    公开号:US20040267009A1
    公开(公告)日:2004-12-30
    A process for producing compound 1,4,7,10,13,16,21,24-octaazabicyclo[8.8.8] hexacosa,4,6,13,15,21,23-hexaene (2) and then compound 1,4,7,10,13,16,21,24-octaazabicyclo[8.8.8]hexacosane (1) from compound (2) is described. The process uses a reaction between triaminoethylamine and glyoxal in the presence of water, alcohol and tertiary amine at low temperature to produce compound 2. Then compound 1 is produced from compound 2 by reduction with an alkali metal containing ammonia as the reductant. The compounds are aza cryptands which are used to bind metals and the like for electrides, and in alkalides, medicine and water treatment, for instance.
    本文描述了一种制备化合物1,4,7,10,13,16,21,24-八氮杂双环[8.8.8]六十四烯-4,6,13,15,21,23-六烯(2),然后从化合物(2)制备化合物1,4,7,10,13,16,21,24-八氮杂双环[8.8.8]六十四烷(1)的过程。该过程利用三氨基乙胺和乙二醛在水、醇和三级胺的存在下在低温下反应来产生化合物2。然后使用含氨的碱金属作还原剂,通过还原化合物2来制备化合物1。这些化合物是用于电子和碱金属等金属绑定的氮杂加密分子,也可用于碱金属、医药和水处理等领域。
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