Strontium-90 | 10098-97-2

• 分子结构分类: 无机化合物 - 均相金属化合物 - 均相碱土金属化合物
• 英文名称: Strontium-90
• CAS: 10098-97-2
• 化学式: Sr
• 分子量: 89.90773
• InChiKey: CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-NJFSPNSNSA-N

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  -0.38
• 重原子数：
  1
• 可旋转键数：
  0
• 环数：
  0.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.0
• 拓扑面积：
  0
• 氢给体数：
  0
• 氢受体数：
  0

ADMET

代谢

锶-90的放射性允许它在吸入、摄入或皮肤接触后渗透进人体。锶-90表现出与钙类似的生物化学行为。进入生物体后，大约70-80%的剂量会被排出体外。几乎所有的剩余锶-90都会沉积在骨骼和骨髓中，剩余的1%留在血液和软组织中。锶的新陈代谢包括与蛋白质的结合相互作用，以及基于其与钙的相似性，可能与各种无机阴离子如碳酸根和磷酸根，以及羧酸如柠檬酸盐和乳酸盐形成复合物。锶-90主要通过尿液和粪便排出体外。

The radioactivity of strontium-90 allow it to penetrate the body following inhalation, ingestion, or dermal exposure. Strontium-90 exhibits biochemical behavior similar to calcium. After entering the organism, about 70-80% of the dose is excreted. Virtually all remaining strontium-90 is deposited in bones and bone marrow, with the remaining 1% remaining in blood and soft tissues. The metabolism of strontium consists of binding interactions with proteins and, based on its similarity to calcium, probably complex formation with various inorganic anions such as carbonate and phosphate, and carboxylic acids such as citrate and lactate. Strontium-90 is eliminated mainly in the urine and faeces. (L1135)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 毒性总结

beta粒子发射体锶-90、钇-90和32-P磷酸盐...是亲骨性放射性核素，它们附着在骨表面，从那里对骨髓进行照射，辐射的穿透深度通常超过了位于相似位置的alpha粒子发射体的穿透深度。锶-90的beta射线穿透组织的有限能力。因此，必须使放射性锶内部化或将其与皮肤紧密接触，才能产生有害的健康影响。锶的"亲骨"行为是对于口腔或吸入放射性同位素的关注的基础，特别是半衰期为29年，具有高能量的0.546 MeV beta粒子的锶-90，以及其短命钇-90衰变产物同位素的2.2 MeV beta粒子。 /锶-90, 钇-90和32-P磷酸盐/

The beta-particle emitters strontium-90, yttrium-90 and 32-P-phosphate ... are bone-seeking radionuclides that attach to bone surfaces, from which they irradiate the marrow, and the depth of penetration of the radiation often exceeds that of similarly located alpha-particle emitters. Beta emissions from strontium-90 have a limited ability to penetrate through tissue. For that reason, radiostrontium must be internalized or placed in close contact with skin before adverse health effects will occur. The "bone-seeking" behavior of strontium is the basis for concern regarding oral or inhalation exposures to the radioactive isotopes, particularly strontium-90, with its long half-life of 29 years and highly energetic 0.546 MeV beta particles, plus the 2.2 MeV beta particles of its short-lived yttrium-90 decay product isotope. /Srontium-90, yttrium-90 and 32-P-phosphate/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 毒性总结

锶在化学上与钙相似，这使得它能够取代骨骼中的钙。它通过直接与羟基磷灰石晶体结合，干扰骨骼的正常晶体结构，从而影响骨骼的发育和强度。锶还能与通常使用钙的次级细胞信使系统和转运系统相互作用。据认为，锶会结合到甲状旁腺的钙受体上，从而抑制甲状旁腺激素水平，阻止维生素D3的激活，并减少钙的吸收。锶-90产生的电离辐射会导致细胞损伤，包括DNA断裂、准确或不准确的修复、凋亡、基因突变、染色体改变和遗传不稳定。这导致正常细胞和组织稳态的丧失，以及恶性肿瘤的发展。锶模仿钙的能力使得骨癌成为一个特别的风险。不直接损伤DNA的电离辐射可以产生反应性氧中间体，这些中间体直接影响细胞周期调节中重要的酶p53的稳定性，并通过DNA复制期间的错误配对，对DNA中的单个碱基产生氧化损伤和点突变。

The fact that strontium is chemically similar to calcium allows it to exchange for calcium in bone. It affects bone development and strength by binding directly to hydroxyapatite crystals, which interferes with the normal crystalline structure of bone. Strontium can also interact with secondary cell messenger systems and transporter systems that normally use calcium. It is thought to bind to the calcium receptor of the parathyroid gland, thereby suppressing parathyroid hormone levels, preventing vitamin D3 activiation, and reducing calcium absorption. The ionizing radiation produced by strontium-90 causes cellular damage that includes DNA breakage, accurate or inaccurate repair, apoptosis, gene mutations, chromosomal change, and genetic instability. This leads to loss of normal cell and tissue homeostasis, and development of malignancy. Strontium's ability to mimick calcium makes bone cancer a particular risk. Ionizing radiation that does not directly damage DNA can produce reactive oxygen intermediates that directly affect the stability of p53, an important enzyme in cell-cycle regulation, and produce oxidative damage to individual bases in DNA and point mutations by mispairing during DNA replication. (L1837, L1839)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 致癌性证据

关于锶-90对人类致癌性的证据不足。/锶-90/

There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of strontium-90. /Strontium-90/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 致癌性证据

对于纯β粒子发射体（氢-3，磷-32，锶-90，钇-90，钇-91和镨-147）的致癌性，实验动物中已有充分的证据。/氚，磷-32，锶-90，钇-91，镨-147/

There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of pure beta-particle emitters (hydrogen-3, phosphorus-32, strontium-90, yttrium-90, yttrium-91 and promethium-147). /Tritium, phosphorus-32, strontium-90, yttrium-91, promethium-147/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 致癌物分类

1, 对人类致癌。

1, carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

吸收、分配和排泄

吸入：在人类意外吸入碳酸锶（90-SrCO3）后进行的测量显示其具有高溶解性。同样，动物实验表明，锶在简单的离子化合物（氯化物和硫酸盐）中能迅速从肺部清除，这也与高溶解性相符。在体外对三哩岛反应堆事故期间释放的含锶空气放射性裂变产物的研究证实了这些结果。/碳酸锶/

Inhalation: Measurements following accidental inhalation of strontium carbonate (90-SrCO3) by humans showed high solubility. Similarly, experiments in animals have shown that strontium in simple ionic compounds (chloride and sulfate) is cleared rapidly from the lungs, consistent with high solubility. A study in vitro on strontium-containing airborne fission products released during the Three Mile Island reactor accident confirmed these results. /Strontium carbonate/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

吸入后人体肺部对元素的吸收：锶，最易溶化合物，快速，10分钟（100%）/根据表格/

Absorption of elements in the human lung after inhalation: Strontium, most soluble compounds, fast, 10 min (100%) /from table/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

由于锶-90的可溶性特性，通过吸入进入比格犬体内的锶-90的分布和滞留模式可以与静脉注射后的情况进行比较。发现了轻微的差异。注射后，锶-90在骨骼中迅速沉积，随着时间的推移由于生物过程而减少，而通过摄入则导致锶-90在骨骼中持续沉积，直到540天龄，并在骨骼内部呈现更均匀的分布。/锶-90/

Because of the soluble nature of the strontium-90 ... , the distribution and retention patterns of strontium-90 /in beagle dogs/ after inhalation can be compared with those after iv injection. Minor differences were found. After injection, there was rapid deposition in the skeleton, which decreased with time due to biological processes, whereas exposure by ingestion led to continuous deposition of strontium-90 in the skeleton up to 540 days of age and a more uniform distribution within the bones. /Strontium-90/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

由于放射性尘埃中存在锶同位素，并且锶作为钙的类似物在骨骼中具有长期滞留性，因此锶的代谢一直是志愿者研究中的一项课题。在口服溶液中给予无机形式的放射性锶的研究中，以及在摄入含有已知数量放射性锶的食物的实验中，得到了相似的吸收值。平均值在0.15到0.45之间。在一项关于从实际和模拟放射性尘埃中吸收锶的研究中，以及给予85-SrCl2后，10名志愿者摄入了当地放射性尘埃的样本，这些样本主要由硅质土壤成分组成（40-700微米颗粒）。估计的吸收率为3%，范围在0到9%之间，而模拟放射性尘埃作为玻璃微球（30-40微米）的吸收率为16%（范围6-25%），在给予85-SrCl2后的值为17%（8-34%）。/锶-85氯化物/

Ingestion: Owing to the presence of strontium isotopes in fall-out material and its long-term retention in bone as a calcium analogue, the metabolism of strontium has been the subject of a number of studies in volunteers. Similar absorption values were obtained in studies in which inorganic forms of radiostrontium were administered orally in solution and in experiments in which known quantities of radiostrontium incorporated in food were ingested. The mean values were between 0.15 and 0.45. In a study of the absorption of strontium from real and simulated fall-out and after administration of 85-SrCl2, 10 volunteers ingested samples of local fall-out, largely comprising silicaceous soil constituents (40-700 um particles). The estimated absorption rate was 3%, with a range of 0 to 9%, while that for simulated fall-out prepared as glass microspheres (30-40 um) was 16% (range, 6-25%), with a value of 17% (8-34%) after administration as 85-SrCl2. /Strontium-85 chloride/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)