Beryllium powder appears as a grayish-white hard light metal. Denser than water, but the powder may float. May be toxic by inhalation. Will burn if involved in a fire.
颜色/状态:
Hexagonal crystals
气味:
Odorless
溶解度:
Insoluble (NIOSH, 2016)
蒸汽压力:
1 Pa at 1189 °C (solid); 10 Pa at 1335 °C; 100 Pa at 1518 °C; 1 kPa at 1750 °C; 10 kPa at 2054 °C; 100 kPa at 2469 °C
Exposure of people to relatively high concentrations of beryllium (greater than 100 ug cu m) causes acute beryllium disease, characterized by chemical pneumonitis. ... Some people inhaling low concentrations of beryllium develop chronic beryllium disease, a granulomatous lung disease characterized by dyspnea, cough, reduced pulmonary function, and a variety of other symptoms, including weight loss. ... The lack of a dose-response relationship between the extent of exposure and development of the disease, long latency period between exposure and onset, and the low incidence among beryllium-exposed individuals suggests that the disease is immune mediated. ... Occupational risk associated with exposure to beryllium-containing alloys has been documented for individuals exposed to beryllium-copper and beryllium-nickel alloys. Beryllium is a human and animal carcinogen. Epidemiologic evidence relating beryllium exposure to cancer in humans demonstrates that beryllium is carcinogenic in humans, and the International Agency for Research on Cancer lists the evidence for beryllium induced carcinogenicity in humans as "sufficient". ... The pulmonary effects of inhaled beryllium have also been evaluated in a variety of laboratory animal species. ... monkeys exposed to relatively high concentrations of beryllium compounds developed symptoms and histopathological findings consistent with acute beryllium disease. ... Granulomatous lung disease has also been produced in guinea pigs exposed to beryllium compounds by inhalation or by intratracheal instillation. ... Repeated inhalation of beryllium-containing materials, including soluble beryllium compounds by various strains of laboratory rats has resulted in development of inflammatory and proliferative changes, granulomatous lung changes, and the development of lung tumors. Although beryllium- exposed rats have developed various degrees of granulomatous lung disease, none have developed immunopathological responses in lung or beryllium hypersensitivity. ... studies have shown that several strains of mice inhaling beryllium develop pulmonary lesions with features consistent with chronic beryllium disease. Lung lesions consisted of infiltration of lymphocytes into the lung interstitium, development of microgranulomas consisting of T lymphocytes and macrophages, and the presence of some pulmonary fibrosis. Under certain exposure conditions, increased numbers of lymphocytes were recovered in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from exposed animals.
There is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of beryllium and beryllium compounds. Beryllium and beryllium compounds cause cancer of the lung. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of beryllium and beryllium compounds. Beryllium and beryllium compounds are carcinogenic to humans (Group 1).
... Tissue content of persons suffering from acute ... poisoning is ... higher than that shown by chronic cases. In five chronic cases ... amt varied up to 0.99 ug/100 g in the lung, up to 0.68 in liver, up to 10 in lymph nodes, up to 0.7 in spleen. ...
... Animal studies show that be moves out of lung and may later return there. All studies indicate beryllium is so poorly absorbed through gut that ingestion is not a hazard.