四氰基镍(II)酸钾水合物 | 14220-17-8

• 物质功能分类: 无机化工 - 无机盐 - 氰化物、氰氧化物及氰络合物
• 分子结构分类: 无机化合物 - 混合金属/非金属化合物 - 碱金属有机物
• 中文名称: 四氰基镍(II)酸钾水合物
• 中文别名: 镍氰化钾；四氰基镍(II)酸钾
• 英文名称: dipotassium;nickel(2+);tetracyanide
• CAS: 14220-17-8
• 化学式: C₄K₂N₄Ni
• 分子量: 240.96
• InChiKey: LXWJYIBQIPSFSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N

物化性质

• 熔点：
  100°C -H₂O
• 密度：
  1.875

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  -5.61
• 重原子数：
  11
• 可旋转键数：
  0
• 环数：
  0.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.0
• 拓扑面积：
  95.2
• 氢给体数：
  0
• 氢受体数：
  8

ADMET

代谢

镍主要通过肺和胃肠吸收。一旦进入体内，它会进入血液，在那里与白蛋白、L-组氨酸和α2-巨球蛋白结合。镍倾向于积累在肺、甲状腺、肾脏、心脏和肝脏中。吸收的镍通过尿液排出，而未被吸收的镍则通过粪便排出。氰化物通过口服、吸入和皮肤途径迅速吸收并在全身分布。氰化物主要通过硫氰酸酶或3-巯基丙酸硫转移酶代谢成硫氰酸盐。氰化物代谢物通过尿液排出。(L41, L96)

Nickel is absorbed mainly through the lungs and gastrointestinal tract. Once in the body it enters the bloodstream, where it binds to albumin, L-histidine, and _2-macroglobulin. Nickel tends to accumulate in the lungs, thyroid, kidney, heart, and liver. Absorbed nickel is excreted in the urine, wherease unabsorbed nickel is excreted in the faeces. Cyanide is rapidly alsorbed through oral, inhalation, and dermal routes and distributed throughout the body. Cyanide is mainly metabolized into thiocyanate by either rhodanese or 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfur transferase. Cyanide metabolites are excreted in the urine. (L41, L96)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 毒性总结

镍能够在某些酶中替代其他必需元素，比如钙调神经蛋白。它具有基因毒性，并且一些镍化合物已被证实能够促进细胞增殖。镍对染色质蛋白，特别是组蛋白和精蛋白具有很高的亲和力。镍离子与异染色质的结合会导致多种改变，包括凝缩、DNA过甲基化、基因沉默以及组蛋白乙酰化的抑制，这些都已显示出会干扰基因表达。镍还被证实能够改变几种转录因子，包括低氧诱导转录因子、激活转录因子和NF-KB转录因子。还有证据表明，镍离子能够抑制DNA修复，要么通过直接抑制DNA修复酶，要么与锌离子竞争结合锌指DNA结合蛋白，导致DNA结构变化，从而阻止修复酶的结合。镍离子还能与多种细胞配体结合，包括氨基酸、肽和蛋白质，从而产生氧自由基，诱导碱基损伤、DNA链断裂和DNA-蛋白质交联。氰化物是细胞色素c氧化酶的抑制剂，该酶位于电子传递链的第四个复合物中（存在于真核细胞的线粒体膜中）。它与该酶中的三价铁原子结合。氰化物与这个细胞色素的结合阻止了电子从细胞色素c氧化酶传递到氧气。结果，电子传递链被中断，细胞无法再通过有氧呼吸产生ATP作为能量。主要依赖有氧呼吸的组织，如中枢神经系统和心脏，受到的影响尤为严重。氰化物也通过与过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、变性血红蛋白、羟基钴胺素、磷酸酶、酪氨酸酶、抗坏血酸氧化酶、黄嘌呤氧化酶、琥珀酸脱氢酶以及Cu/Zn超氧化物歧化酶结合，产生一些毒性效应。氰化物与变性血红蛋白中的三价铁离子结合形成无活性的氰化变性血红蛋白。

Nickel is known to substitute for other essential elements in certain enzmes, such as calcineurin. It is genotoxic, and some nickel compounds have been shown to promote cell proliferation. Nickel has a high affinity for chromatin proteins, particularly histones and protamines. The complexing of nickel ions with heterochromatin results in a number of alterations including condensation, DNA hypermethylation, gene silencing, and inhibition of histone acetylation, which have been shown to disturb gene expression. Nickel has also been shown to alter several transcription factors, including hypoxia-inducible transcription factor, activating transcription factor, and NF-KB transcription factor. There is also evidence that nickel ions inhibit DNA repair, either by directly inhibiting DNA repair enzymes or competing with zinc ions for binding to zinc-finger DNA binding proteins, resulting in structural changes in DNA that prevent repair enzymes from binding. Nickel ions can also complex with a number of cellular ligands including amino acids, peptides, and proteins resulting in the generation of oxygen radicals, which induce base damage, DNA strand breaks, and DNA protein crosslinks. Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected. Cyanide is also known produce some of its toxic effects by binding to catalase, glutathione peroxidase, methemoglobin, hydroxocobalamin, phosphatase, tyrosinase, ascorbic acid oxidase, xanthine oxidase, succinic dehydrogenase, and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase. Cyanide binds to the ferric ion of methemoglobin to form inactive cyanmethemoglobin. (L41, A40, L97)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 致癌物分类

1, 对人类致癌。

1, carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 健康影响

镍对人类最常见的有害健康影响是过敏反应。这通常表现为皮疹，尽管有些人会经历哮喘发作。长期吸入镍会导致慢性支气管炎和肺功能下降，以及损害鼻腔。过量摄入镍会损害胃、血液、肝脏、肾脏和免疫系统，并对生殖和发育产生不利影响。短时间内接触高水平的氰化物会损害大脑和心脏，甚至可能导致昏迷、癫痫、呼吸暂停、心脏骤停和死亡。慢性吸入氰化物会导致呼吸困难、胸痛、呕吐、血变化、头痛和甲状腺肿大。皮肤接触氰化物盐可能会刺激并产生溃疡。(L41, L96, L97)

The most common harmful health effect of nickel in humans is an allergic reaction. This usually manifests as a skin rash, although some people experience asthma attacks. Long term inhahation of nickel causes chronic bronchitis and reduced lung function, as well as damage to the naval cavity. Ingestion of excess nickel results in damage to the stomach, blood, liver, kidneys, and immune system, as well as having adverse effects on reproduction and development. Exposure to high levels of cyanide for a short time harms the brain and heart and can even cause coma, seizures, apnea, cardiac arrest and death. Chronic inhalation of cyanide causes breathing difficulties, chest pain, vomiting, blood changes, headaches, and enlargement of the thyroid gland. Skin contact with cyanide salts can irritate and produce sores. (L41, L96, L97)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 暴露途径

口服（L96）；吸入（L96）；皮肤给药（L96）

Oral (L96) ; inhalation (L96) ; dermal (L96)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 症状

镍中毒的症状包括头痛、恶心、呕吐、眩晕、易怒和睡眠困难，随后可能出现胸痛、出汗、心跳加快和干咳。氰化物中毒的特征是呼吸急促、深度呼吸和呼吸短促、全身无力、头晕、头痛、眩晕、混乱、抽搐/癫痫发作，最终可能失去意识。

Symptoms of nickel poisoning include headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, irritability, and difficulty sleeping, followed by chest pains, sweating, rapid heart beat, and a dry cough. Cyanide poisoning is identified by rapid, deep breathing and shortness of breath, general weakness, giddiness, headaches, vertigo, confusion, convulsions/seizures and eventually loss of consciousness. (L96, L97, L42)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

安全信息

• 危险等级：
  6.1(b)
• 危险品标志：
  T
• 安全说明：
  S22,S36/37,S43,S45,S53
• 危险类别码：
  R22,R45,R42/43
• WGK Germany：
  3
• 海关编码：
  2837200011
• RTECS号：
  QR8650000
• 包装等级：
  III
• 危险类别：
  6.1(b)
• 危险品运输编号：
  UN 1588 6.1/PG 2
• 储存条件：
  库房应保持通风、低温和干燥，并将这些物品与其他化学品如氯酸盐、亚硝酸钠（钾）以及食品原料分开储存和运输。

SDS

Name:	Potassium tetracyanonickelate(II) hydrate Material Safety Data Sheet
Synonym:
CAS:	14220-17-8

Section 1 - Chemical Product MSDS Name:Potassium tetracyanonickelate(II) hydrate Material Safety Data Sheet
Synonym:

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Section 2 - COMPOSITION, INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS

CAS#	Chemical Name	content	EINECS#
14220-17-8	Potassium tetracyanonickelate(II) hydr		238-082-7

Hazard Symbols: T
Risk Phrases: 22 42/43 45

---

Section 3 - HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION
EMERGENCY OVERVIEW
Harmful if swallowed. May cause sensitization by inhalation and skin contact. May cause cancer.Moisture sensitive.
Potential Health Effects
Eye:
May cause eye irritation.
Skin:
May be harmful if absorbed through the skin. May cause sensitization by skin contact.
Ingestion:
Harmful if swallowed.
Inhalation:
May be harmful if inhaled. May cause respiratory sensitization.
Chronic:
May cause cancer in humans.

---

Section 4 - FIRST AID MEASURES
Eyes: Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the upper and lower eyelids. Get medical aid.
Skin:
Get medical aid. Immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes.
Ingestion:
Get medical aid immediately. Wash mouth out with water.
Inhalation:
Remove from exposure and move to fresh air immediately. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical aid.
Notes to Physician:

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Section 5 - FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES
General Information:
As in any fire, wear a self-contained breathing apparatus in pressure-demand, MSHA/NIOSH (approved or equivalent), and full protective gear. Substance is noncombustible.
Extinguishing Media:
Use extinguishing media most appropriate for the surrounding fire.

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Section 6 - ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES
General Information: Use proper personal protective equipment as indicated in Section 8.
Spills/Leaks:
Vacuum or sweep up material and place into a suitable disposal container.

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Section 7 - HANDLING and STORAGE
Handling:
Do not breathe dust, vapor, mist, or gas. Do not get in eyes, on skin, or on clothing. Use only in a chemical fume hood.
Storage:
Store in a cool, dry place. Store in a tightly closed container.

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Section 8 - EXPOSURE CONTROLS, PERSONAL PROTECTION
Engineering Controls:
Use adequate ventilation to keep airborne concentrations low.
Exposure Limits CAS# 14220-17-8: Personal Protective Equipment Eyes: Not available.
Skin:
Wear appropriate protective gloves to prevent skin exposure.
Clothing:
Wear appropriate protective clothing to prevent skin exposure.
Respirators:
Follow the OSHA respirator regulations found in 29 CFR 1910.134 or European Standard EN 149. Use a NIOSH/MSHA or European Standard EN 149 approved respirator if exposure limits are exceeded or if irritation or other symptoms are experienced.

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Section 9 - PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Physical State: Crystals
Color: yellow to orange
Odor: Not available.
pH: Not available.
Vapor Pressure: Not available.
Viscosity: Not available.
Boiling Point: Not available.
Freezing/Melting Point: Not available.
Autoignition Temperature: Not available.
Flash Point: Not available.
Explosion Limits, lower: Not available.
Explosion Limits, upper: Not available.
Decomposition Temperature:
Solubility in water: Soluble.
Specific Gravity/Density:
Molecular Formula: C4K2N4Ni
Molecular Weight: 240.9134

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Section 10 - STABILITY AND REACTIVITY
Chemical Stability:
Stable.
Conditions to Avoid:
Incompatible materials, exposure to moist air or water.
Incompatibilities with Other Materials:
Acids, bases, oxidizing agents, carbon dioxide.
Hazardous Decomposition Products:
Hydrogen cyanide, carbon monoxide, nickel oxide, oxides of potassium.
Hazardous Polymerization: Will not occur.

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Section 11 - TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION
RTECS#:
CAS# 14220-17-8: QR8650000 LD50/LC50:
CAS# 14220-17-8: Oral, mouse: LD50 = 275 mg/kg.
Carcinogenicity:
Potassium tetracyanonickelate(II) hydrate - California: carcinogen, initial date 5/7/04 (listed as Nickel compound NTP: Known carcinogen (listed as Nickel compounds).
IARC: Group 1 carcinogen (listed as Nickel compounds).
Other:
See actual entry in RTECS for complete information.

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Section 12 - ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION

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Section 13 - DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS
Dispose of in a manner consistent with federal, state, and local regulations.

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Section 14 - TRANSPORT INFORMATION

IATA
Not regulated as a hazardous material.
IMO
Not regulated as a hazardous material.
RID/ADR
Not regulated as a hazardous material.

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Section 15 - REGULATORY INFORMATION

European/International Regulations
European Labeling in Accordance with EC Directives
Hazard Symbols: T
Risk Phrases:
R 45 May cause cancer.
R 22 Harmful if swallowed.
R 42/43 May cause sensitization by inhalation and
skin contact.
Safety Phrases:
S 53 Avoid exposure - obtain special instructions
before use.
S 22 Do not breathe dust.
S 24 Avoid contact with skin.
S 45 In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek
medical advice immediately (show the label where
possible).
WGK (Water Danger/Protection)
CAS# 14220-17-8: No information available.
Canada
CAS# 14220-17-8 is listed on Canada's DSL List.
CAS# 14220-17-8 is listed on Canada's Ingredient Disclosure List.
US FEDERAL
TSCA
CAS# 14220-17-8 is listed on the TSCA inventory.

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SECTION 16 - ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
N/A

制备方法与用途

类别：有毒物品

毒性分级：高毒

急性毒性：

• 口服-小鼠 LD50: 275 毫克/公斤

爆炸物危险特性： 与氯酸盐、亚硝酸钠（钾）混合可能引发爆炸。

可燃性危险特性：

• 不燃
• 遇水、潮气和酸会分解产生有毒的氢化氢气体
• 火场中会产生氧化镍、氧化钾、氰化物及氮氧化物烟雾

储运特性： 应存放在通风低温干燥的库房，并与氯酸盐、亚硝酸钠（钾）、食品原料分开储存和运输。

灭火剂： 使用雾状水进行扑救。

职业标准：

• TLV-TWA: 0.1 毫克/立方米 (镍)

反应信息

• 作为反应物：
  描述：

  四氰基镍(II)酸钾水合物 在 盐酸 作用下， 生成 2-[4-[[(5Z)-5-ethylidene-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-yl]-hydroxymethyl]quinolin-6-yl]oxyethanol
  参考文献：
  名称：

  Cinchona Alkaloids in Pneumonia. VI. A New Method for the Hydroxyalkylation of Phenolic Cinchona Alkaloids

  摘要：

  DOI：

  10.1021/ja01273a059
• 作为产物：
  描述：

  Kalium-Salz des Apochinins 在 乙醇 、 苯甲醇 作用下， 生成 四氰基镍(II)酸钾水合物
  参考文献：
  名称：

  Cinchona Alkaloids in Pneumonia. VI. A New Method for the Hydroxyalkylation of Phenolic Cinchona Alkaloids

  摘要：

  DOI：

  10.1021/ja01273a059

文献信息

• Dye composition for optical recording media having selected anions
  申请人：Media Chemical Corp.

  公开号：US05952073A1

  公开（公告）日：1999-09-14

  A dye composition for use in optical recording media, comprising at least one cyanine dye having an anion selected from the group consisting of thiocyanate, lactate, hypophosphite, tetracyanonickelate, selenocyanate, trifluromethanesulfonate, ferricyanide, 4-hydroxybutyrate, nitrite, 2-(3',5'-dimethyl-2'-hydroxyphenyl)-2H-benztriazole-4-sulfonate, 1,2-napthoquinone-2-diazide-5-sulfonate and picrate and preferably dissolved in ethyl lactate.

  一种用于光学记录介质的染料组合物，包括至少一种靛绿染料，其带负离子被选择在由硫氰酸盐、乳酸盐、亚磷酸盐、四氰合镍酸盐、硒氰酸盐、三氟甲磺酸盐、铁氰化物、4-羟基丁酸盐、亚硝酸盐、2-(3',5'-二甲基-2'-羟基苯基)-2H-苯并三唑-4-磺酸盐、1,2-萘醌-2-重氮-5-磺酸盐和硝酸盐组成的群中，并且最好是溶于乳酸乙酯。
• Cinchona Alkaloids in Pneumonia. XI. Some Ethers of Apocupreine
  作者：R. Stuart Tipson、Mary A. Clapp、Leonard H. Cretcher

  DOI：10.1021/ja01246a025

  日期：1943.6
• Cinchona Alkaloids in Pneumonia. VI. A New Method for the Hydroxyalkylation of Phenolic Cinchona Alkaloids
  作者：C. L. Butler、Alice G. Renfrew

  DOI：10.1021/ja01273a059

  日期：1938.6