镍铝 | 12635-29-9

• 分子结构分类: 无机化合物 - 无机盐
• 中文名称: 镍铝
• 中文别名: 镍铝合金(1:1)；镍铝,RANEY|RTYPENON-ACTIVATED；铝镍合金；海绵体镍,A-5000,未加强；雷尼镍；铝镍合金催化剂；镍铝,RANEYTYPE未活化的；铝镍合金粉；镍铝合金；海绵体镍,A-5000,NONPROMOTED
• 英文名称: Raney-Ni
• 英文别名: alumanylidynenickel
• CAS: 12635-29-9；37258-79-0；12003-78-0
• 化学式: AlNi
• 分子量: 85.675
• InChiKey: NPXOKRUENSOPAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N

物化性质

• 熔点：
  1350 °C
• 密度：
  3.46
• 物理描述：
  DryPowder

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  -0.38
• 重原子数：
  2
• 可旋转键数：
  0
• 环数：
  0.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.0
• 拓扑面积：
  0
• 氢给体数：
  0
• 氢受体数：
  0

ADMET

代谢

镍主要通过肺和胃肠吸收。一旦进入体内，它就会进入血液，在那里与白蛋白、L-组氨酸和α2-巨球蛋白结合。镍倾向于积累在肺、甲状腺、肾脏、心脏和肝脏中。吸收的镍通过尿液排出，而未被吸收的镍则通过粪便排出。铝通过口服或吸入接触的吸收很差，基本上不通过皮肤吸收。铝的生物利用度受到铝化合物的影响，以及存在能够与铝形成络合物并增强或抑制其吸收的饮食成分的影响。铝在血液中与各种配体结合并分布到每个器官，以骨和肺组织中浓度最高。在生物体中，铝被认为存在四种不同形式：作为自由离子、作为低分子量络合物、作为物理结合的大分子络合物和作为共价结合的大分子络合物。吸收的铝主要通过尿液排出，较少部分通过胆汁排出，而未被吸收的铝则通过粪便排出。(L739, L41)

Nickel is absorbed mainly through the lungs and gastrointestinal tract. Once in the body it enters the bloodstream, where it binds to albumin, L-histidine, and _2-macroglobulin. Nickel tends to accumulate in the lungs, thyroid, kidney, heart, and liver. Absorbed nickel is excreted in the urine, wherease unabsorbed nickel is excreted in the faeces. Aluminum is poorly absorbed following either oral or inhalation exposure and is essentially not absorbed dermally. The bioavailability of aluminum is strongly influenced by the aluminum compound and the presence of dietary constituents which can complex with aluminum and enhance or inhibit its absorption. Aluminum binds to various ligands in the blood and distributes to every organ, with highest concentrations found in bone and lung tissues. In living organisms, aluminum is believed to exist in four different forms: as free ions, as low-molecular-weight complexes, as physically bound macromolecular complexes, and as covalently bound macromolecular complexes. Absorbed aluminum is excreted principally in the urine and, to a lesser extent, in the bile, while unabsorbed aluminum is excreted in the faeces. (L739, L41)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 毒性总结

镍已知可以在某些酶中替代其他必需元素，如钙调神经蛋白。它具有基因毒性，一些镍化合物已被证明可以促进细胞增殖。镍对染色质蛋白具有高亲和力，尤其是组蛋白和精蛋白。镍离子与异染色质的结合会导致包括浓缩、DNA过度甲基化、基因沉默以及组蛋白乙酰化抑制等一系列改变，这些都已被证明会干扰基因表达。镍还被证明可以改变几个转录因子，包括低氧诱导转录因子、激活转录因子和NF-KB转录因子。还有证据表明镍离子可以抑制DNA修复，要么是通过直接抑制DNA修复酶，要么是与锌离子竞争结合锌指DNA结合蛋白，导致DNA结构变化，阻止修复酶的结合。镍离子还可以与许多细胞配体结合，包括氨基酸、肽和蛋白质，从而产生氧自由基，诱导碱基损伤、DNA链断裂和DNA蛋白质交联。铝的主要靶器官是中枢神经系统和骨骼。铝与饮食中的磷结合，并妨碍胃肠道对磷的吸收。磷酸盐体负担的减少导致骨软化（由于骨骼矿化缺陷导致的骨质疏松）和佝偻病。铝的神经毒性被认为涉及多种机制。细胞骨架蛋白功能的变化，如磷酸化、蛋白水解、运输和合成的改变，被认为是其中一个原因。铝可能通过影响血脑屏障的通透性、胆碱能活性、信号转导途径、脂质过氧化以及损害神经元谷氨酸一氧化氮-环磷酸鸟苷酸途径，以及由于类似的配位化学和随后的竞争性相互作用而干扰必需微量元素的代谢，从而诱导神经行为效应。铝还可以与雌激素受体相互作用，增加雌激素相关基因的表达，从而促进乳腺癌的进展。某些铝盐通过激活炎症小体来诱导免疫反应。（L739, A235, A236, L41, A40）

Nickel is known to substitute for other essential elements in certain enzmes, such as calcineurin. It is genotoxic, and some nickel compounds have been shown to promote cell proliferation. Nickel has a high affinity for chromatin proteins, particularly histones and protamines. The complexing of nickel ions with heterochromatin results in a number of alterations including condensation, DNA hypermethylation, gene silencing, and inhibition of histone acetylation, which have been shown to disturb gene expression. Nickel has also been shown to alter several transcription factors, including hypoxia-inducible transcription factor, activating transcription factor, and NF-KB transcription factor. There is also evidence that nickel ions inhibit DNA repair, either by directly inhibiting DNA repair enzymes or competing with zinc ions for binding to zinc-finger DNA binding proteins, resulting in structural changes in DNA that prevent repair enzymes from binding. Nickel ions can also complex with a number of cellular ligands including amino acids, peptides, and proteins resulting in the generation of oxygen radicals, which induce base damage, DNA strand breaks, and DNA protein crosslinks. The main target organs of aluminum are the central nervous system and bone. Aluminum binds with dietary phosphorus and impairs gastrointestinal absorption of phosphorus. The decreased phosphate body burden results in osteomalacia (softening of the bones due to defective bone mineralization) and rickets. Aluminum's neurotoxicity is believed to involve several mechanisms. Changes in cytoskeletal protein functions as a results of altered phosphorylation, proteolysis, transport, and synthesis are believed to be one cause. Aluminum may induce neurobehavioral effects by affecting permeability of the blood-brain barrier, cholinergic activity, signal transduction pathways, lipid peroxidation, and impair neuronal glutamate nitric oxide-cyclic GMP pathway, as well as interfere with metabolism of essential trace elements because of similar coordination chemistries and consequent competitive interactions. Aluminum can also interact with estrogen receptors, increasing the expression of estrogen-related genes and contributing to the progression of breast cancer. Certain aluminum salts induce immune responses by activating inflammasomes. (L739, A235, A236, L41, A40)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 致癌物分类

1, 对人类致癌。

1, carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 健康影响

镍对人类最常见的有害健康影响是过敏反应。这通常表现为皮疹，尽管有些人会经历哮喘发作。长期吸入镍会导致慢性支气管炎和肺功能下降，以及损害鼻咽腔。过量摄入镍会损害胃、血液、肝脏、肾脏和免疫系统，并对生殖和发育产生不利影响。铝针对神经系统，导致神经系统性能下降，并与血脑屏障功能改变有关。铝在体内的积累可能导致骨病或脑病。高水平铝与阿尔茨海默病有关。少数人对铝过敏，在接触或摄入含有铝的产品时，会经历接触性皮炎、消化系统疾病、呕吐或其他症状。（L739, L740, L41）

The most common harmful health effect of nickel in humans is an allergic reaction. This usually manifests as a skin rash, although some people experience asthma attacks. Long term inhahation of nickel causes chronic bronchitis and reduced lung function, as well as damage to the naval cavity. Ingestion of excess nickel results in damage to the stomach, blood, liver, kidneys, and immune system, as well as having adverse effects on reproduction and development. Aluminum targets the nervous system and causes decreased nervous system performance and is associated with altered function of the blood-brain barrier. The accumulation of aluminum in the body may cause bone or brain diseases. High levels of aluminum have been linked to Alzheimer’s disease. A small percentage of people are allergic to aluminium and experience contact dermatitis, digestive disorders, vomiting or other symptoms upon contact or ingestion of products containing aluminium. (L739, L740, L41)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 暴露途径

口服（L41）；吸入（L41）；皮肤给药（L41）

Oral (L41) ; inhalation (L41) ; dermal (L41)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 症状

镍中毒的症状包括头痛、恶心、呕吐、眩晕、易怒和睡眠困难，随后可能出现胸痛、出汗、心跳加速和干咳。吸入铝尘会导致咳嗽和胸部X光异常。一小部分人对铝过敏，在接触或摄入含有铝的产品时，会经历接触性皮炎、消化不良、呕吐或其他症状。

Symptoms of nickel poisoning include headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, irritability, and difficulty sleeping, followed by chest pains, sweating, rapid heart beat, and a dry cough. Inhalating aluminum dust causes coughing and abnormal chest X-rays. A small percentage of people are allergic to aluminium and experience contact dermatitis, digestive disorders, vomiting or other symptoms upon contact or ingestion of products containing aluminium. (L739, L740, L42)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

安全信息

• TSCA：
  Yes
• 危险等级：
  4.3
• 危险品标志：
  F,Xn
• 安全说明：
  S15,S22,S36,S43A,S5,S7/8
• 危险类别码：
  R40,R15,R43
• WGK Germany：
  3
• 海关编码：
  38151900
• 危险品运输编号：
  UN 3089 4.1/PG 2
• 危险类别：
  4.3
• 包装等级：
  II

制备方法与用途

化学性质

活化前为银灰色无定形粉末，在空气中稳定，遇水易结块，长期暴露于空气中易风化；活化后成黑色粉末。催化剂粒度范围为20～200 目或200～300 目，其他粒度可根据用户需求提供；堆积密度在500～4000kg/m³之间（与镍铝配比有关）。

生产方法

首先将铝熔融，待温度达到约1000℃时加入镍粉。由于有熔化热产生，温度会升至1200～1300℃左右。使用石墨棒不断搅拌，并保温20～30分钟。随后进行冷却、破碎和粉碎，得到镍铝合金。

催化剂活化过程：在特定温度下，使用一定浓度的氢氧化钠溶液处理催化剂，将其中的铝溶解掉。之后进行水洗、醇洗以及钝化步骤，最终获得活性化的催化剂。

反应信息

• 作为产物：
  描述：

  pentahexacontaaluminum;nickel 生成 镍铝
  参考文献：
  名称：

  IVANOV, E. YU.;GOLUBKOVA, G. V.;GRIGOREVA, T. F., NAUCH. OSNOVY PRIGOTOVLENIYA I TEXNOL. KATALIZATOROV, MINSK,(1989) S. 88

  摘要：

  DOI：
• 作为试剂：
  描述：

  N,N-Diethyl-4-[(4-oxo-1-piperidinyl)methyl]benzamide 、 sodium hydroxide 、 盐酸羟胺 在 50/50 、 镍铝 、 ice 、 乙醇 、 乙醚 、 Brine 作用下， 以 乙醇 为溶剂， 反应 34.5h， 以Concentration of the extract affords 37 g of product which的产率得到4-[(4-amino-1-piperidinyl)methyl]-N,N-diethylbenzamide
  参考文献：
  名称：

  N-substituted aminoquinolines as analgesic agents

  摘要：

  公开了以下化合物的结构式：##STR1## 其中R是氢、卤素或三氟甲基；R.sup.1是氢或X；R.sup.2是氢或X；但是当R.sup.1是X时，R.sup.2是氢，当R.sup.1是氢时，R.sup.2是X；X是基团##STR2## 其中R.sup.3是氢或较低烷基；R.sup.4是氢或##STR3## R.sup.5是氢、1-16碳原子的烷基、苯基、苯基较低烷基或全氟较低烷基；Y是CO或键；R.sup.6是较低烷基、环较低烷基、芳基烷基、--(CH.sub.2).sub.m -环较低烷基、##STR4## 或--(CH.sub.2).sub.o CONR.sup.8 R.sup.9或在Y是CO的情况下，是苯基；R.sup.7是氢或##STR5## R.sup.8和R.sup.9独立地是氢、较低烷基、环较低烷基或者R.sup.8和R.sup.9与它们所连接的氮原子形成一个5-8环的饱和单环氮杂环；m是1-3；n是1-3；o是1-10；以及其药学上可接受的盐。这些化合物由于其拮抗缓激肽的能力，是用于治疗和管理疼痛的镇痛剂。

  公开号：

  US05216165A1

文献信息

• IVANOV, E. YU.;GOLUBKOVA, G. V.;GRIGOREVA, T. F., NAUCH. OSNOVY PRIGOTOVLENIYA I TEXNOL. KATALIZATOROV, MINSK,(1989) S. 88
  作者：IVANOV, E. YU.、GOLUBKOVA, G. V.、GRIGOREVA, T. F.

  DOI：——

  日期：——
• BOLDYREV, V. V.;GOLUBKOVA, G. V.;GRIGOREVA, T. F.;IVANOV, E. YU.;KALININA+, DOKL. AN CCCP, 297,(1987) N 5, 1181-1184
  作者：BOLDYREV, V. V.、GOLUBKOVA, G. V.、GRIGOREVA, T. F.、IVANOV, E. YU.、KALININA+

  DOI：——

  日期：——