Nickel is absorbed mainly through the lungs and gastrointestinal tract. Once in the body it enters the bloodstream, where it binds to albumin, L-histidine, and _2-macroglobulin. Nickel tends to accumulate in the lungs, thyroid, kidney, heart, and liver. Absorbed nickel is excreted in the urine, wherease unabsorbed nickel is excreted in the faeces. (L41)
Nickel is known to substitute for other essential elements in certain enzmes, such as calcineurin. It is genotoxic, and some nickel compounds have been shown to promote cell proliferation. Nickel has a high affinity for chromatin proteins, particularly histones and protamines. The complexing of nickel ions with heterochromatin results in a number of alterations including condensation, DNA hypermethylation, gene silencing, and inhibition of histone acetylation, which have been shown to disturb gene expression. Nickel has also been shown to alter several transcription factors, including hypoxia-inducible transcription factor, activating transcription factor, and NF-KB transcription factor. There is also evidence that nickel ions inhibit DNA repair, either by directly inhibiting DNA repair enzymes or competing with zinc ions for binding to zinc-finger DNA binding proteins, resulting in structural changes in DNA that prevent repair enzymes from binding. Nickel ions can also complex with a number of cellular ligands including amino acids, peptides, and proteins resulting in the generation of oxygen radicals, which induce base damage, DNA strand breaks, and DNA protein crosslinks. (L41, A40)
The most common harmful health effect of nickel in humans is an allergic reaction. This usually manifests as a skin rash, although some people experience asthma attacks. Long term inhahation of nickel causes chronic bronchitis and reduced lung function, as well as damage to the naval cavity. Ingestion of excess nickel results in damage to the stomach, blood, liver, kidneys, and immune system, as well as having adverse effects on reproduction and development. (L41)
Symptoms of nickel poisoning include headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, irritability, and difficulty sleeping, followed by chest pains, sweating, rapid heart beat, and a dry cough. (L42)
One-Dimensional [Ni(O<sub>2</sub>CR)<sub>2</sub>(NN)<sub><i>x</i></sub>] Polymers: Structural, Magnetic, and Density Functional Theory Studies
作者：Miguel Cortijo、Santiago Herrero、Belén Jerez、Reyes Jiménez-Aparicio、Josefina Perles、José L. Priego、Javier Torroba、José Tortajada
DOI：10.1002/cplu.201402005
日期：2014.7
Five nickel complexes, [Ni2(3,4,5‐tmb)4(4,4′‐bpy)] (1), [Ni2(2‐ntc)4(4,4′‐bpy)] (2), [Ni(9‐atc)2(4,4′‐bpy)] (3), [Ni(3,4,5‐tmb)2(t‐bpee)] (4), and [Ni2(2‐ntc)4(t‐bpee)2] (5) (3,4,5‐tmb=3,4,5‐trimethoxybenzoate; 2‐ntc=2‐naphthalenecarboxylate; 9‐atc=9‐anthracenecarboxylate; 4,4′‐bpy=4,4′‐bipyridine; t‐bpee=trans‐1,2‐bis(4‐pyridyl)ethylene), are prepared. They are characterized by elemental analysis
A process for making a positive battery electrode material using a secondary metal. The secondary metal is preferably treated using an non-electrolytic process and formed into an active, positive battery electrode material by a precipitation reaction.
A metal recovery process, for heavy products from a hydroconversion process, containing unconverted residue and a solid carbonaceous material containing the group 8-10 metal, the group 6 metal, and vanadium and/or nickel, is provided by the invention.
A method of recovering vanadium, nickel and molybdenum from heavy crude oil refinery residues comprises pyrolysis and combustion of the residues at temperatures up to 900° C. to produce an ash, converting the ash to an aqueous slurry comprising sodium hydroxide as leading agent and hydrogen peroxide as oxidizer, and extracting vanadium, nickel and molybdenum salts and oxides from the slurry. Extraction processes for the metals are disclosed.
A metal recovery process for heavy effluent from a hydroconversion process. The effluent contains unconverted residue and a solid carbonaceous material containing group 8-10 metal, group 6 metal, and vanadium and/or nickel, and the metals are recovered according to the invention.
