nickel dihydroxide

• 分子结构分类: 无机化合物 - 混合金属/非金属化合物 - 过渡金属氧阴离子化合物
• 英文名称: nickel dihydroxide
• 英文别名: nickel(2+);dihydroxide
• 化学式: H₂NiO₂
• 分子量: 92.7047
• InChiKey: BFDHFSHZJLFAMC-UHFFFAOYSA-L

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  -0.36
• 重原子数：
  3
• 可旋转键数：
  0
• 环数：
  0.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.0
• 拓扑面积：
  2
• 氢给体数：
  2
• 氢受体数：
  2

ADMET

代谢

镍主要通过肺和胃肠吸收。一旦进入人体，它就会进入血液，在那里与白蛋白、L-组氨酸和_2-巨球蛋白结合。镍倾向于积累在肺、甲状腺、肾脏、心脏和肝脏中。吸收的镍通过尿液排出，而未被吸收的镍则通过粪便排出。(L41)

Nickel is absorbed mainly through the lungs and gastrointestinal tract. Once in the body it enters the bloodstream, where it binds to albumin, L-histidine, and _2-macroglobulin. Nickel tends to accumulate in the lungs, thyroid, kidney, heart, and liver. Absorbed nickel is excreted in the urine, wherease unabsorbed nickel is excreted in the faeces. (L41)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 毒性总结

镍已知可以在某些酶中替代其他必需元素，如钙调神经磷酸酶。它具有基因毒性，一些镍化合物已被证明可以促进细胞增殖。镍对染色质蛋白，特别是组蛋白和精蛋白具有高亲和力。镍离子与异染色质的结合会导致包括浓缩、DNA过度甲基化、基因沉默以及组蛋白乙酰化的抑制等一系列变化，这些变化已被证明会干扰基因表达。镍还被证明可以改变几个转录因子，包括低氧诱导转录因子、激活转录因子和NF-KB转录因子。还有证据表明，镍离子可以抑制DNA修复，要么直接抑制DNA修复酶，要么与锌离子竞争结合锌指DNA结合蛋白，导致DNA结构变化，阻止修复酶的结合。镍离子还可以与许多细胞配体结合，包括氨基酸、肽和蛋白质，从而导致氧自由基的产生，诱导碱基损伤、DNA链断裂和DNA蛋白交联。(L41, A40)

Nickel is known to substitute for other essential elements in certain enzmes, such as calcineurin. It is genotoxic, and some nickel compounds have been shown to promote cell proliferation. Nickel has a high affinity for chromatin proteins, particularly histones and protamines. The complexing of nickel ions with heterochromatin results in a number of alterations including condensation, DNA hypermethylation, gene silencing, and inhibition of histone acetylation, which have been shown to disturb gene expression. Nickel has also been shown to alter several transcription factors, including hypoxia-inducible transcription factor, activating transcription factor, and NF-KB transcription factor. There is also evidence that nickel ions inhibit DNA repair, either by directly inhibiting DNA repair enzymes or competing with zinc ions for binding to zinc-finger DNA binding proteins, resulting in structural changes in DNA that prevent repair enzymes from binding. Nickel ions can also complex with a number of cellular ligands including amino acids, peptides, and proteins resulting in the generation of oxygen radicals, which induce base damage, DNA strand breaks, and DNA protein crosslinks. (L41, A40)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 致癌物分类

1, 对人类致癌。

1, carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 健康影响

镍对人类最常见的有害健康影响是过敏反应。这通常表现为皮疹，尽管有些人会经历哮喘发作。长期吸入镍会导致慢性支气管炎和肺功能下降，以及损害鼻咽腔。过量摄入镍会损害胃、血液、肝脏、肾脏和免疫系统，并对生殖和发育产生不利影响。

The most common harmful health effect of nickel in humans is an allergic reaction. This usually manifests as a skin rash, although some people experience asthma attacks. Long term inhahation of nickel causes chronic bronchitis and reduced lung function, as well as damage to the naval cavity. Ingestion of excess nickel results in damage to the stomach, blood, liver, kidneys, and immune system, as well as having adverse effects on reproduction and development. (L41)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 暴露途径

吸入 (L41) ; 口服 (L41) ; 经皮 (L41)

Inhalation (L41) ; oral (L41) ; dermal (L41)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 症状

镍中毒的症状包括头痛、恶心、呕吐、眩晕、易怒和睡眠困难，随后可能出现胸痛、出汗、心跳加快和干咳。

Symptoms of nickel poisoning include headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, irritability, and difficulty sleeping, followed by chest pains, sweating, rapid heart beat, and a dry cough. (L42)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

反应信息

• 作为反应物：
  描述：

  nickel dihydroxide 生成 硝酸镍
  参考文献：
  名称：

  KOWAL, ANDRZEJ;HABER, JERZY;FUGIEL-MOCALA, ELZBIETA;CZERWENKA, MARCIN

  摘要：

  DOI：
• 作为产物：
  描述：

  硝酸镍 生成 nickel dihydroxide
  参考文献：
  名称：

  KOWAL, ANDRZEJ;HABER, JERZY;FUGIEL-MOCALA, ELZBIETA;CZERWENKA, MARCIN

  摘要：

  DOI：
• 作为试剂：
  描述：

  溴 、 甲基N-[3-[3-[2-[4-氨基甲酰-5-(氨基甲酰氨基)噻吩-2-基]乙炔基]苯胺基]-3-氧代丙基]氨基甲酸酯 、 sodium hydroxide 、 水 在 nickel(II) sulphate nickel dihydroxide 、 desired product 、 钠 、 溴化钠 作用下， 反应 24.0h， 以to yield the N-benzyl-azetidine-3,3-dicarboxylic acid的产率得到1-苄基氮杂丁烷-3,3-二羧酸
  参考文献：
  名称：

  Process for preparing azetidine derivatives; and intermediates therein

  摘要：

  制备式或其盐的化合物的方法，其中R1代表氢原子或公式R2SO2或苯基-CH（R3）-的基团，其中R2代表苯基、甲苯基或C1-4烷基基团，R3代表氢原子或C1-4烷基苯基，该方法包括将氧化态至少为3的镍与公式的3-羟甲基氮杂环衍生物接触，其中R4代表公式R2SO2或苯基-CH（R3）-的基团，R5代表氢原子或羟甲基基团或公式COOH或其盐的基团，随后，如果R5不是氢原子，则通过3,3-二羧基中间产物的化合物或其盐的脱羧来进行，如果需要制备R1代表氢原子的化合物，则通过去保护N-原子来进行。此外，还提供了新的N-取代的氮杂环羧酸盐衍生物的公式，其中X代表羟甲基或COOY的基团，其中Y代表氢原子或碱金属或碱土金属原子。

  公开号：

  US04778577A1

文献信息

• One-Dimensional [Ni(O₂CR)₂(NN)_<i>x</i>] Polymers: Structural, Magnetic, and Density Functional Theory Studies
  作者：Miguel Cortijo、Santiago Herrero、Belén Jerez、Reyes Jiménez-Aparicio、Josefina Perles、José L. Priego、Javier Torroba、José Tortajada

  DOI：10.1002/cplu.201402005

  日期：2014.7

  Five nickel complexes, [Ni2(3,4,5‐tmb)4(4,4′‐bpy)] (1), [Ni2(2‐ntc)4(4,4′‐bpy)] (2), [Ni(9‐atc)2(4,4′‐bpy)] (3), [Ni(3,4,5‐tmb)2(t‐bpee)] (4), and [Ni2(2‐ntc)4(t‐bpee)2] (5) (3,4,5‐tmb=3,4,5‐trimethoxybenzoate; 2‐ntc=2‐naphthalenecarboxylate; 9‐atc=9‐anthracenecarboxylate; 4,4′‐bpy=4,4′‐bipyridine; t‐bpee=trans‐1,2‐bis(4‐pyridyl)ethylene), are prepared. They are characterized by elemental analysis

  五个镍络合物，[Ni 2（3,4,5-tmb）4（4,4'-bpy）]（1），[Ni 2（2-ntc）4（4,4'-bpy）]（2），[Ni（9-atc）2（4,4'-bpy）]（3），[Ni（3,4,5-tmb）2（t- bpee）]（4）和[Ni 2（ 2‐ntc）4（t‐ bpee）2 ]（5）（3,4,5‐tmb = 3,4,5-三甲氧基苯甲酸酯; 2‐ntc = 2‐萘甲酸酯; 9‐atc = 9‐蒽甲酸酯; 4， 4'-bpy = 4,4'-联吡啶; t - bpee =反式制备了1,2-双（4-吡啶基）乙烯）。它们的特征在于元素分析，红外光谱，热重分析以及单晶和粉末X射线衍射。1和2形成由4,4'-bpy配体连接的桨轮单元的线性链；3和4显示由顺式-双（螯合物）Ni（O 2 CR）2单元分别由4,4'-bpy和t - bpe连接形成的锯齿形链；和5的结构由双链组成。还研究了化
• Method of making a nickel hydroxide material
  申请人：Ovonic Battery Company, Inc.

  公开号：US06444363B1

  公开（公告）日：2002-09-03

  A process for making a positive battery electrode material using a secondary metal. The secondary metal is preferably treated using an non-electrolytic process and formed into an active, positive battery electrode material by a precipitation reaction.

  使用次级金属制作正极电池材料的方法。最好使用非电解过程处理次级金属，并通过沉淀反应形成活性的正极电池材料。
• METAL RECOVERY FROM HYDROCONVERTED HEAVY EFFLUENT
  申请人：Canelon Carlos

  公开号：US20110176978A1

  公开（公告）日：2011-07-21

  A metal recovery process, for heavy products from a hydroconversion process, containing unconverted residue and a solid carbonaceous material containing the group 8-10 metal, the group 6 metal, and vanadium and/or nickel, is provided by the invention.

  本发明提供了一种金属回收工艺，用于从加氢转化过程中含有未转化残留物和固体碳质材料的重质产品中回收8-10族金属、6族金属以及钒和/或镍。
• METHOD OF METALS RECOVERY FROM REFINERY RESIDUES
  申请人：Grimley Matthew Stephen

  公开号：US20130078167A1

  公开（公告）日：2013-03-28

  A method of recovering vanadium, nickel and molybdenum from heavy crude oil refinery residues comprises pyrolysis and combustion of the residues at temperatures up to 900° C. to produce an ash, converting the ash to an aqueous slurry comprising sodium hydroxide as leading agent and hydrogen peroxide as oxidizer, and extracting vanadium, nickel and molybdenum salts and oxides from the slurry. Extraction processes for the metals are disclosed.

  一种从重质原油炼厂残渣中回收钒、镍和钼的方法，包括在高达900°C的温度下对残渣进行热解和燃烧以产生灰烬，将灰烬转化为以氢氧化钠为主要剂和过氧化氢为氧化剂的水浆，并从水浆中提取钒、镍和钼盐和氧化物。公开了金属的提取过程。
• Metal recovery from hydroconverted heavy effluent
  申请人：Canelon Carlos

  公开号：US08636967B2

  公开（公告）日：2014-01-28

  A metal recovery process for heavy effluent from a hydroconversion process. The effluent contains unconverted residue and a solid carbonaceous material containing group 8-10 metal, group 6 metal, and vanadium and/or nickel, and the metals are recovered according to the invention.

  一种用于水力转化过程中重废水的金属回收工艺。该废水含有未转化的残渣和含有8-10族金属、6族金属、钒和/或镍的固体碳质物质，根据本发明回收金属。