ethyl 1-[(3-aminopyridin-4-yl)methyl]piperidine-4-carboxylate | 416852-78-3

• 分子结构分类: 有机化合物 - 有机杂环化合物 - 哌啶类
• 英文名称: ethyl 1-[(3-aminopyridin-4-yl)methyl]piperidine-4-carboxylate
• 英文别名: Ethyl 1-[(3-amino-4-pyridinyl)methyl]-4-piperidinecarboxylate
• CAS: 416852-78-3
• 化学式: C₁₄H₂₁N₃O₂
• 分子量: 263.34
• InChiKey: GXXWEISGDKFBFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N

物化性质

• 沸点：
  418.0±45.0 °C(Predicted)
• 密度：
  1.168±0.06 g/cm3(Predicted)

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  0.7
• 重原子数：
  19
• 可旋转键数：
  5
• 环数：
  2.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.57
• 拓扑面积：
  68.4
• 氢给体数：
  1
• 氢受体数：
  5

反应信息

• 作为反应物：
  描述：

  ethyl 1-[(3-aminopyridin-4-yl)methyl]piperidine-4-carboxylate 在 lithium hydroxide 作用下， 以 甲醇 为溶剂， 反应 24.0h， 生成 lithium 1-[(3-amino-4-pyridinyl)methyl]-4-piperidinecarboxylate
  参考文献：
  名称：

  [EN] INDOLE DERIVATIVES USEFUL AS HISTAMINE H3 ANTAGONISTS
  [FR] DERIVES D'INDOLE UTILISES EN TANT QU'ANTAGONISTES H3 D'HISTAMINE

  摘要：

  揭示了式I的新化合物，其中M1为CH或N，M2为C(R3)或N；R1为可选择地取代的吲哚基或其氮杂衍生物；R2为可选择地取代的芳基或杂环芳基；其余变量如规范中所定义。还揭示了包括式I化合物的药物组合物。还揭示了使用式I化合物治疗各种疾病或症状的方法，例如过敏、过敏引起的气道反应和充血（例如，鼻塞）等。还揭示了使用式I化合物与H1受体拮抗剂结合治疗各种疾病或症状的方法，例如过敏、过敏引起的气道反应和充血（例如，鼻塞）等。

  公开号：

  WO2004000831A1
• 作为产物：
  描述：

  3,4-吡啶二酰亚胺 在 manganese(IV) oxide 、 sodium hydroxide 、 lithium aluminium tetrahydride 、 溴 作用下， 以 四氢呋喃 、 二氯甲烷 、 氯仿 、 水 为溶剂， 反应 99.25h， 生成 ethyl 1-[(3-aminopyridin-4-yl)methyl]piperidine-4-carboxylate
  参考文献：
  名称：

  WO2008/108957

  摘要：

  公开号：

文献信息

• [EN] INDOLE DERIVATIVES USEFUL AS HISTAMINE H3 ANTAGONISTS<br/>[FR] DERIVES D'INDOLE UTILISES EN TANT QU'ANTAGONISTES H3 D'HISTAMINE
  申请人：SCHERING CORP

  公开号：WO2004000831A1

  公开（公告）日：2003-12-31

  Disclosed are novel compounds of the formula I wherein M1 is CH or N and M2 is C(R3) or N; R1 is optionally substituted indolyl or an aza derivative thereof; R2 is optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl; and the remaining variables are as defined in the specification. Also disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds of formula I. Also disclosed are methods of treating various diseases or conditions, such as, for example, allergy, allergy-induced airway responses, and congestion (e.g., nasal congestion) using the compounds of Formula I. Also disclosed are methods of treating various diseases or conditions, such as, for example, allergy, allergy-induced airway responses, and congestion (e.g., nasal congestion) using the compounds of formula I in combination with a H1 receptor antagonist.

  揭示了式I的新化合物，其中M1为CH或N，M2为C(R3)或N；R1为可选择地取代的吲哚基或其氮杂衍生物；R2为可选择地取代的芳基或杂环芳基；其余变量如规范中所定义。还揭示了包括式I化合物的药物组合物。还揭示了使用式I化合物治疗各种疾病或症状的方法，例如过敏、过敏引起的气道反应和充血（例如，鼻塞）等。还揭示了使用式I化合物与H1受体拮抗剂结合治疗各种疾病或症状的方法，例如过敏、过敏引起的气道反应和充血（例如，鼻塞）等。
• [EN] NEW ENZYME INHIBITOR COMPOUNDS<br/>[FR] NOUVEAUX COMPOSÉS INHIBITEURS ENZYMATIQUES
  申请人：PROXIMAGEN LTD

  公开号：WO2013037411A1

  公开（公告）日：2013-03-21

  2-4-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}ethan-1-amine; 3- aminopropyl 4-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-3-yl]piperidine-1-carboxylate; 1-4-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}-4- (dimethylamino)butan-1-one; 5-amino-1-4-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-3- yl]piperidin-1-yl}pentan-1-one; N-(2-aminoethyl)-4-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3- c]pyridin-3-yl]piperidine-1-carboxamide; N-(3-aminopropyl)-4-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H- pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-3-yl]piperidine-1-carboxamide; 4-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3- c]pyridin-3-yl]-N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]piperidine-1-carboxamide; 1-(4-[1-(4- chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}carbonyl)piperazine; 4-(4-[1-(4- chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}carbonyl)morpholine; 1-(4-[1-(4- chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}carbonyl)-1,4-diazepane; ethyl 1- [1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-3-yl]piperidine-4-carboxylate; ethyl 1-[1-(4- methylphenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-3-yl]piperidine-4-carboxylate; 1-[1-(4- chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-3-yl]piperidine-4-carboxylic acid; N-(2- aminoethyl)-1-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-3-yl]piperidine-4-carboxamide; 4-(1-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-4 yl}carbonyl)morpholine; 1-(1-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-3-yl]piperidin- 4-yl}carbonyl)piperazine; 4-[1-(4-methylphenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-3-yl]morpholin- 3-yl}methanol; 4-[1-(4-methylphenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-3-yl]morpholin-2-yl}methanol; [(3R)-4-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-3-yl]morpholin-3- yl]methanol; methyl 4-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-3-yl]morpholine-3- carboxylate; N-(2-aminoethyl)-4-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-3- yl]morpholine-3-carboxamide; 2-4-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-3- yl]morpholin-3-yl}ethan-1-ol; methyl 1-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-3- yl]piperidine-2-carboxylate; N-(2-aminoethyl)-1-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]pyridin-3-yl]piperidine-2-carboxamide; 1-(1-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-2-yl}carbonyl)piperazine; 4-[1-(4-methylphenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3- c]pyridin-3-yl]morpholine; 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(piperidin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-4- ol; N-butyl-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-methyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-3-amine; 1-[4- (fluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-(oxan-4-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine; and 3-(4-[1-(4- chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}methyl)pyridine are useful for the inhibition of SSAO activity.

  2- 4- [1- (4-氯苯基)-1H-吡咯并[2,3-c]吡啶-3-基]哌啶-1-基}乙基-1-胺; 3-氨基丙基4- [1- (4-氯苯基)-1H-吡咯并[2,3-c]吡啶-3-基]哌啶-1-羧酸酯; 1- 4- [1- (4-氯苯基)-1H-吡咯并[2,3-c]吡啶-3-基]哌啶-1-基}-4- (二甲基氨基)丁酮; 5-氨基-1- 4- [1- (4-氯苯基)-1H-吡咯并[2,3-c]吡啶-3- 基]哌啶-1-基}戊酮; N- (2-氨基乙基)-4- [1- (4-氯苯基)-1H-吡咯并[2,3-c]吡啶-3-基]哌啶-1-羧酰胺; N- (3-氨基丙基)-4- [1- (4-氯苯基)-1H-吡咯并[2,3-c]吡啶-3-基]哌啶-1-羧酰胺; 4- [1- (4-氯苯基)-1H-吡咯并[2,3- c]吡啶-3-基]-N- [3- (二甲基氨基)丙基]哌啶-1-羧酰胺; 1- (4- [1- (4- 氯苯基)-1H-吡咯并[2,3-c]吡啶-3-基]哌啶-1-基}羰基)哌嗪; 4- (4- [1- (4- 氯苯基)-1H-吡咯并[2,3-c]吡啶-3-基]哌啶-1-基}羰基)吗啉; 1- (4- [1- (4- 氯苯基)-1H-吡咯并[2,3-c]吡啶-3-基]哌啶-1-基}羰基)-1,4-二氮杂辛烷; 乙基1- [1- (4-氯苯基)-1H-吡唑并[3,4-c]吡啶-3-基]哌啶-4-羧酸酯; 乙基1- [1- (4- 甲基苯基)-1H-吡唑并[3,4-c]吡啶-3-基]哌啶-4-羧酸酯; 1- [1- (4- 氯苯基)-1H-吡唑并[3,4-c]吡啶-3-基]哌啶-4-羧酸; N- (2-氨基乙基)-1- [1- (4-氯苯基)-1H-吡唑并[3,4-c]吡啶-3-基]哌啶-4-羧酰胺; 4- (1- [1- (4-氯苯基)-1H-吡唑并[3,4-c]吡啶-3-基]哌啶-4- 基}羰基)吗啉; 1- (1- [1- (4-氯苯基)-1H-吡唑并[3,4-c]吡啶-3-基]哌啶- 4-基}羰基)哌嗪; 4- [1- (4-甲基苯基)-1H-吡唑并[3,4-c]吡啶-3-基]吗啉- 3-基}甲醇; 4- [1- (4-甲基苯基)-1H-吡唑并[3,4-c]吡啶-3-基]吗啉-2-基}甲醇; [(3R)-4- [1- (4-氯苯基)-1H-吡唑并[3,4-c]吡啶-3-基]吗啉-3- 基]甲醇; 甲基4- [1- (4-氯苯基)-1H-吡唑并[3,4-c]吡啶-3-基]吗啉-3-羧酸酯; N- (2-氨基乙基)-4- [1- (4-氯苯基)-1H-吡唑并[3,4-c]吡啶-3- 基]吗啉-3-羧酰胺; 2- 4- [1- (4-氯苯基)-1H-吡唑并[3,4-c]吡啶-3- 基]吗啉-3-基}乙基-1-醇; 甲基1- [1- (4-氯苯基)-1H-吡唑并[3,4-c]吡啶-3- 基]哌啶-2-羧酸酯; N- (2-氨基乙基)-1- [1- (4-氯苯基)-1H-吡唑并[3,4- c]吡啶-3-基]哌啶-2-羧酰胺; 1- (1- [1- (4-氯苯基)-1H-吡唑并[3,4- c]吡啶-3-基]哌啶-2-基}羰基)哌嗪; 4- [1- (4-甲基苯基)-1H-吡咯并[2,3- c]吡啶-3-基]吗啉; 1- (4-氯苯基)-3- (哌啶-4-基)-1H-吡咯并[2,3-c]吡啶-4- 醇; N-丁基-1- (4-氯苯基)-N-甲基-1H-吡唑并[3,4-c]吡啶-3-胺; 1- [4- (氟甲基)苯基]-3- (氧杂环丁基)-1H-吡咯并[3,4-c]吡啶; 和3- (4- [1- (4- 氯苯基)-1H-吡咯并[3,4-c]吡啶-3-基]哌啶-1-基}甲基)吡啶对于抑制SSAO活性是有用的。
• [EN] NEW ENZYME INHIBITOR COMPOUNDS<br/>[FR] NOUVEAUX COMPOSÉS INHIBITEURS D'ENZYMES
  申请人：PROXIMAGEN LTD

  公开号：WO2013038189A1

  公开（公告）日：2013-03-21

  Compounds of formula (I) are inhibitors of Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase R1-X-R2 (I) wherein R1, X and R2 are as defined in the claims.

  式(I)的化合物是Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase R1-X-R2的抑制剂，其中R1、X和R2如权利要求中所定义。
• NEW ENZYME INHIBITOR COMPOUNDS
  申请人：Evans David

  公开号：US20140357623A1

  公开（公告）日：2014-12-04

  2-4-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}ethan-1-amine; 3-aminopropyl 4-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-3-yl]piperidine-1-carboxylate; 1-4-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}-4-(dimethylamino)butan-1-one; 5-amino-1-4-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}pentan-1-one; N-(2-aminoethyl)-4-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-3-yl]piperidine-1-carboxamide; N-(3-aminopropyl)-4-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-3-yl]piperidine-1-carboxamide; 4-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-3-yl]-N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]piperidine-1-carboxamide; 1-(4-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}carbonyl)piperazine; 4-(4-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}carbonyl)morpholine; 1-(4-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}carbonyl)-1,4-diazepane; ethyl 1-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-3-yl]piperidine-4-carboxylate; ethyl 1-[1-(4-methylphenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-3-yl]piperidine-4-carboxylate; 1-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-3-yl]piperidine-4-carboxylic acid; N-(2-aminoethyl)-1-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-3-yl]piperidine-4-carboxamide; 4-(1-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-4 yl}carbonyl)morpholine; 1-(1-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-4-yl}carbonyl)piperazine; 4-[1-(4-methylphenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-3-yl]morpholin-3-yl}methanol; 4-[1-(4-methyl-phenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-3-yl]morpholin-2-yl}methanol; [(3R)-4-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-3-yl]morpholin-3-yl]methanol; methyl 4-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-3-yl]morpholine-3-carboxylate; N-(2-aminoethyl)-4-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-3-yl]morpholine-3-carboxamide; 2-4-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-3-yl]morpholin-3-yl}ethan-1-ol; methyl 1-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-3-yl]piperidine-2-carboxylate; N-(2-aminoethyl)-1-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-3-yl]piperidine-2-carboxamide; 1-(1-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-2-yl}carbonyl)piperazine; 4-[1-(4-methylphenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-3-yl]morpholine; 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(piperidin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-4-ol; N-butyl-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-methyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-3-amine; 1-[4-(fluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-(oxan-4-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine; and 3-(4-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}methyl)pyridine are useful for the inhibition of SSAO activity.

  2-4-[1-(4-氯苯基)-1H-吡咯并[2,3-c]吡啶-3-基]哌啶-1-基}乙基-1-胺; 3-氨基丙基 4-[1-(4-氯苯基)-1H-吡咯并[2,3-c]吡啶-3-基]哌啶-1-羧酸酯; 1-4-[1-(4-氯苯基)-1H-吡咯并[2,3-c]吡啶-3-基]哌啶-1-基}-4-(二甲基氨基)丁酮; 5-氨基-1-4-[1-(4-氯苯基)-1H-吡咯并[2,3-c]吡啶-3-基]哌啶-1-基}戊酮; N-(2-氨基乙基)-4-[1-(4-氯苯基)-1H-吡咯并[2,3-c]吡啶-3-基]哌啶-1-羧酰胺; N-(3-氨基丙基)-4-[1-(4-氯苯基)-1H-吡咯并[2,3-c]吡啶-3-基]哌啶-1-羧酰胺; 4-[1-(4-氯苯基)-1H-吡咯并[2,3-c]吡啶-3-基]-N-[3-(二甲胺基)丙基]哌啶-1-羧酰胺; 1-(4-[1-(4-氯苯基)-1H-吡咯并[2,3-c]吡啶-3-基]哌啶-1-基}羰基)哌嗪; 4-(4-[1-(4-氯苯基)-1H-吡咯并[2,3-c]吡啶-3-基]哌啶-1-基}羰基)吗啉; 1-(4-[1-(4-氯苯基)-1H-吡咯并[2,3-c]吡啶-3-基]哌啶-1-基}羰基)-1,4-二氮杂环庚烷; 乙酸乙酯 1-[1-(4-氯苯基)-1H-吡唑并[3,4-c]吡啶-3-基]哌啶-4-羧酸酯; 乙酸乙酯 1-[1-(4-甲基苯基)-1H-吡唑并[3,4-c]吡啶-3-基]哌啶-4-羧酸酯; 1-[1-(4-氯苯基)-1H-吡唑并[3,4-c]吡啶-3-基]哌啶-4-羧酸; N-(2-氨基乙基)-1-[1-(4-氯苯基)-1H-吡唑并[3,4-c]吡啶-3-基]哌啶-4-羧酰胺; 4-(1-[1-(4-氯苯基)-1H-吡唑并[3,4-c]吡啶-3-基]哌啶-4-基}羰基)吗啉; 1-(1-[1-(4-氯苯基)-1H-吡唑并[3,4-c]吡啶-3-基]哌啶-4-基}羰基)哌嗪; 4-[1-(4-甲基苯基)-1H-吡唑并[3,4-c]吡啶-3-基]吗啉-3-基}甲醇; 4-[1-(4-甲基-苯基)-1H-吡唑并[3,4-c]吡啶-3-基]吗啉-2-基}甲醇; [(3R)-4-[1-(4-氯苯基)-1H-吡唑并[3,4-c]吡啶-3-基]吗啉-3-基]甲醇; 甲酸甲酯 4-[1-(4-氯苯基)-1H-吡唑并[3,4-c]吡啶-3-基]吗啉-3-羧酸酯; N-(2-氨基乙基)-4-[1-(4-氯苯基)-1H-吡唑并[3,4-c]吡啶-3-基]吗啉-3-羧酰胺; 2-4-[1-(4-氯苯基)-1H-吡唑并[3,4-c]吡啶-3-基]吗啉-3-基}乙基-1-醇; 甲酸甲酯 1-[1-(4-氯苯基)-1H-吡唑并[3,4-c]吡啶-3-基]哌啶-2-羧酸酯; N-(2-氨基乙基)-1-[1-(4-氯苯基)-1H-吡唑并[3,4-c]吡啶-3-基]哌啶-2-羧酰胺; 1-(1-[1-(4-氯苯基)-1H-吡唑并[3,4-c]吡啶-3-基]哌啶-2-基}羰基)哌嗪; 4-[1-(4-甲基苯基)-1H-吡咯并[2,3-c]吡啶-3-基]吗啉; 1-(4-氯苯基)-3-(哌啶-4-基)-1H-吡咯并[2,3-c]吡啶-4-醇; N-丁基-1-(4-氯苯基)-N-甲基-1H-吡唑并[3,4-c]吡啶-3-胺; 1-[4-(氟甲基)苯基]-3-(氧杂环丁基)-1H-吡唑并[3,4-c]吡啶; 和3-(4-[1-(4-氯苯基)-1H-吡唑并[3,4-c]吡啶-3-基]哌啶-1-基}甲基)吡啶可用于抑制SSAO活性。
• Novel non-imidazole compounds
  申请人：——

  公开号：US20030045519A1

  公开（公告）日：2003-03-06

  Disclosed are novel compounds of the formula 1 Also disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds of Formula I. Also disclosed are methods of treating various diseases or conditions, such as, for example, allergy, allergy-induced airway responses, and congestion (e.g., nasal congestion) using the compounds of Formula I. Also disclosed are methods of treating various diseases or conditions, such as, for example, allergy, allergy-induced airway responses, and congestion (e.g., nasal congestion) using the compounds of Formula I in combination with a H 1 receptor antagonist.

  本发明公开了一种新的化合物，其化学式为1。还公开了包含化合物I的药物组合物。还公开了使用化合物I治疗各种疾病或病症的方法，例如过敏、过敏引起的气道反应和充血（例如鼻塞）。还公开了使用化合物I与H1受体拮抗剂结合治疗各种疾病或病症的方法，例如过敏、过敏引起的气道反应和充血（例如鼻塞）。