定义与结构
羧酸酰卤化物是一类含有酰基氯(RCOCl)、酰基溴(RCOOBr)或酰基碘(RCOI)的化合物,其中R表示烷基、芳基或其他有机基团。这类化合物具有极强的亲电性,因为酰基部分中的氧原子带有正电荷。
制备方法
羧酸酰卤化物通常通过羧酸与氯化亚砜(SOCl₂)、磷酰氯(POCl₃)或三氧化硫(SO₃)反应得到。例如:
由羧酸生成酰氯: [ RCOOH + SOCl_2 \rightarrow RCOCl + SO_2 + HCl ]
由羧酸生成酰溴: [ RCOOH + POCl_3 \rightarrow RCOCl + PO(OH)_2 + Cl_2 ]
由羧酸生成酰碘: [ RCOOH + SO_3 \rightarrow RCOI + HSO_4^- ]
性质与应用
极强的亲电性: 羧酸酰卤化物作为重要的有机合成试剂,因其极高的活性,在缩合反应中表现出优越的性能。
容易转化为其他化合物:
安全性问题: 尽管这些化合物具有广泛的用途,但它们也是强腐蚀性物质,并且在空气中容易分解产生HCl。因此,在处理这类试剂时需要格外小心并佩戴适当的防护装备。
应用领域:
| 中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 香豆素-6-磺酰氯 | coumarin-6-sulfonyl chloride | 10543-42-7 | C9H5ClO4S |
| 间甲基苯甲酰氯 | 3-Methylbenzoyl chloride | 1711-06-4 | C8H7ClO |
| 金刚烷酰氯 | 1-Adamantanecarbonyl chloride | 2094-72-6 | C11H15ClO |
| 邻甲氧基苯乙酰氯 | 2-(2-methoxyphenyl)acetyl chloride | 28033-63-8 | C9H9ClO2 |
| 邻氯苯甲酰氯 | o-chlorobenzoyl chloride | 609-65-4 | C7H4Cl2O |
| 邻氟苯乙酰氯 | 2-(2-fluorophenyl)acetyl chloride | 451-81-0 | C8H6ClFO |
| 衣康酰氯 | itaconyl chloride | 1931-60-8 | C5H4Cl2O2 |
| 蒽醌-2-甲酰氯 | anthraquinone-2-carbonyl chloride | 6470-87-7 | C15H7ClO3 |
| 萘-2-甲酰胺 | 2-naphthamide | 2243-82-5 | C11H9NO |
| 苯甲酰氯 | benzoyl chloride | 98-88-4 | C7H5ClO |
| 苯海拉明 | N,N-dibutylcarbamoyl chloride | 13358-73-1 | C9H18ClNO |
| 苯次磺酰氯 | benzenesulfenyl chloride | 931-59-9 | C6H5ClS |
| 胆固醇甲酰氯 | Cholesteryl chloroformate | 7144-08-3 | C28H45ClO2 |
| 联苯-4-磺酸 | 4-biphenylmonosulfonic acid | 2113-68-0 | C12H10O3S |
| 联苯-3-甲酰氯 | 3-phenylbenzoyl chloride | 42498-44-2 | C13H9ClO |
| 甲基脂肪酰氯 | methyl adipoyl chloride | 35444-44-1 | C7H11ClO3 |
| 甲基丙二酰氯 | methyl 2-chloro-3-oxopropionate | 20656-61-5 | C4H5ClO3 |
| 环戊烷磺酰氯 | cyclopentanesulfonyl chloride | 26394-17-2 | C5H9ClO2S |
| 环戊基乙酰氯 | 2-cyclopentylacetyl chloride | 1122-99-2 | C7H11ClO |
| 环己基乙酰氯 | cyclohexylacetic acid chloride | 23860-35-7 | C8H13ClO |
| 环丙烷乙酰氯 | cyclopropylacetyl chloride | 54322-65-5 | C5H7ClO |
| 环丁基磺酰氯 | cyclobutanesulfonyl chloride | 338453-16-0 | C4H7ClO2S |
| 烟酰氯 | 3-pyridinecarbonyl chloride | 10400-19-8 | C6H4ClNO |
| 溴(苯基)乙酰氯 | bromo(phenyl)acetyl chloride | 19078-72-9 | C8H6BrClO |
| 油酰氯 | cis-1-chloro-9-octadecene | 16507-61-2 | C18H35Cl |
| 氯甲酸(+)-1-(9-亚氟基)乙酯 | (+)-1-(9-Fluorenyl)ethyl chloroformate | 107474-79-3 | C16H13ClO2 |
| 氯化甜菜碱酰氯 | N-chlorobetainyl chloride | 53684-57-4 | C5H11ClNO*Cl |
| 氯(二氟)乙酰氯 | chlordifluoroacetyl chloride | 354-24-5 | C2Cl2F2O |
| 氨基磺酰氯 | Sulfamoyl chloride | 7778-42-9 | ClH2NO2S |
| 氧基乙酰氯 | L-menthoxyacetyl chloride | 15356-62-4 | C12H21ClO2 |
| 氘代丙酰氯 | d5-propionyl chloride | 352439-04-4 | C3H5ClO |
| 新庚酰氯 | 2,2-dimethylvaleroyl chloride | 15721-22-9 | C7H13ClO |
| 戊烷-1-磺酰氯 | n-pentanesulphonyl chloride | 6303-18-0 | C5H11ClO2S |
| 戊二酸单乙酯酰氯 | ethyl glutaroyl chloride | 5205-39-0 | C7H11ClO3 |
| 异己酰氯 | 4-methylvaleroyl chloride | 38136-29-7 | C6H11ClO |
| 异喹啉-5-磺酰氯 | 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl chloride | 84468-15-5 | C9H6ClNO2S |
| 异丙烯膦二酰氯 | isopropenyl dichlorophosphonate | 3944-27-2 | C3H5Cl2OP |
| 巴豆酰氯 | crotonyl chloride | 10487-71-5 | C4H5ClO |
| 屈他雄酮 | dromostanolone | 58-19-5 | C20H32O2 |
| 对辛氧基苯甲酰氯 | 4-octyloxybenzoic acid chloride | 40782-53-4 | C15H21ClO2 |
| 对辛基苯甲酰氯 | p-n-octylbenzoyl chloride | 50606-97-8 | C15H21ClO |
| 对溴苄磺酰氯 | (4-bromo-phenyl)-methanesulfonyl chloride | 53531-69-4 | C7H6BrClO2S |
| 对氯苯乙酰氯 | 4-chlorophenacetyl chloride | 25026-34-0 | C8H6Cl2O |
| 对氟肉桂酰氯 | 4-fluorocinnamoyl chloride | 13565-08-7 | C9H6ClFO |
| 对异氰酸苯甲酰氯 | 4-isocyanatobenzoic acid chloride | 3729-21-3 | C8H4ClNO2 |
| 对叔丁基苯甲酰氯 | 4-tert-Butylbenzoyl chloride | 1710-98-1 | C11H13ClO |
| 对十二烷基苯磺酰氯 | p-dodecylbenzenesulfonyl chloride | 52499-14-6 | C18H29ClO2S |
| 对乙氧基苯磺酰氯 | 4-ethoxybenzenesulphonyl chloride | 1132-17-8 | C8H9ClO3S |
| 对-苯乙烯磺酰氯 | 4-vinylbenzenesulfonyl chloride | 2633-67-2 | C8H7ClO2S |
| 富马酸单乙酯酰氯 | fumaric acid ethyl ester mono chloride | 26367-48-6 | C6H7ClO3 |