Aluminum selenide | 1302-82-5

• 物质功能分类: 无机化工 - 无机盐 - 硫族化合物
• 分子结构分类: 无机化合物 - 混合金属/非金属化合物 - 后过渡金属盐
• 英文名称: Aluminum selenide
• 英文别名: dialuminum;selenium(2-)
• CAS: 1302-82-5
• 化学式: Al2Se3
• 分子量: 290.9
• InChiKey: CYRGZAAAWQRSMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N

物化性质

• 熔点：
  960°C
• 密度：
  3,437 g/cm3
• 溶解度：
  与H2O反应
• 暴露限值：
  ACGIH: TWA 0.2 mg/m3NIOSH: IDLH 1 mg/m3; TWA 0.2 mg/m3
• 稳定性/保质期：

  如果按照规格使用和储存，则不会分解，也未有已知的危险反应。应避免接触氧化物、空气以及湿气。若与湿气相遇，会分解为硒化氢和氢氧化铝。

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  -1.9
• 重原子数：
  5
• 可旋转键数：
  0
• 环数：
  0.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.0
• 拓扑面积：
  0
• 氢给体数：
  0
• 氢受体数：
  3

ADMET

代谢

硒可以通过吸入和摄入被吸收，而一些硒化合物也可以通过皮肤吸收。一旦进入人体，硒主要分布到肝脏和肾脏。硒是一种必需的微量元素，是谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、碘甲状腺原氨酸5'-脱碘酶和硫氧还蛋白还原酶的组成部分。有机硒首先代谢为无机硒。无机硒逐步还原为中间体氢硒化物，然后转化为硒磷酸和硒半胱氨酸tRNA并进入硒蛋白，或者转化为硒化物的甲基化代谢物后排泄到尿液中。元素硒在排泄前也会被甲基化。硒主要通过尿液和粪便排出，但某些硒化合物也可能通过呼气排出。铝通过口服或吸入暴露后吸收不良，基本上不会通过皮肤吸收。铝的生物利用度受到铝化合物的影响，以及存在可以与铝形成复合物并增强或抑制其吸收的饮食成分的影响。铝在血液中与各种配体结合并分布到每个器官，以骨骼和肺组织中的浓度最高。在生物体中，铝被认为存在四种不同的形式：作为自由离子，作为低分子量复合物，作为物理结合的大分子复合物和作为共价结合的大分子复合物。被吸收的铝主要在尿液中排出，较少程度上在胆汁中排出，而未被吸收的铝则在粪便中排出。(L739, L619)

Selenium may be absorbed through inhalation and ingestion, while some selenium compounds may also be absorbed dermally. Once in the body, selenium is distributed mainly to the liver and kidney. Selenium is an essential micronutrient and is a component of glutathione peroxidase, iodothyronine 5'-deiodinases, and thioredoxin reductase. Organic selenium is first metabolized into inorganic selenium. Inorganic selenium is reduced stepwise to the intermediate hydrogen selenide, which is either incorporated into selenoproteins after being transformed to selenophosphate and selenocysteinyl tRNA or excreted into the urine after being transformed into methylated metabolites of selenide. Elemental selenium is also methylated before excretion. Selenium is primarily eliminated in the urine and feces, but certain selenium compounds may also be exhaled. Aluminum is poorly absorbed following either oral or inhalation exposure and is essentially not absorbed dermally. The bioavailability of aluminum is strongly influenced by the aluminum compound and the presence of dietary constituents which can complex with aluminum and enhance or inhibit its absorption. Aluminum binds to various ligands in the blood and distributes to every organ, with highest concentrations found in bone and lung tissues. In living organisms, aluminum is believed to exist in four different forms: as free ions, as low-molecular-weight complexes, as physically bound macromolecular complexes, and as covalently bound macromolecular complexes. Absorbed aluminum is excreted principally in the urine and, to a lesser extent, in the bile, while unabsorbed aluminum is excreted in the faeces. (L739, L619)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 毒性总结

硒可以轻易地在生物分子中替代硫，并在许多生化反应中替代硫，特别是在硒的浓度高而硫的浓度低时。通过影响线粒体和微体的电子传输，使细胞呼吸中氧化反应所需的巯基酶失活，这可能是急性硒中毒的一个原因。硒代甲硫氨酸（一种常见的有机硒化合物）似乎也可以随机地替代蛋白质合成中的甲硫氨酸。这种替代可能会影响蛋白质的结构和功能性，例如，通过改变二硫键。无机形式的硒似乎通过氧化还原催化与组织巯基反应，产生反应性氧种，并通过氧化应激造成损害。铝的主要靶器官是中枢神经系统和骨骼。铝与饮食中的磷结合，并妨碍胃肠道对磷的吸收。磷酸盐体负荷的减少导致骨软化（由于骨骼矿化缺陷导致的骨骼软化）和佝偻病。铝的神经毒性被认为涉及多种机制。细胞骨架蛋白功能的变化，如磷酸化、蛋白水解、运输和合成的改变，被认为是一个原因。铝可能通过影响血脑屏障的通透性、胆碱能活性、信号转导途径、脂质过氧化以及损害神经元谷氨酸一氧化氮-环磷酸鸟苷酸途径，以及由于类似的配位化学和随后的竞争性相互作用而干扰基本微量元素的代谢，从而诱导神经行为效应。铝还可以与雌激素受体相互作用，增加雌激素相关基因的表达，从而促进乳腺癌的进展。某些铝盐通过激活炎症小体来诱导免疫反应。（L739, A235, A236, L619）

Selenium readily substitutes for sulfur in biomolecules and in many biochemical reactions, especially when the concentration of selenium is high and the concentration of sulfur is low. Inactivation of the sulfhydryl enzymes necessary for oxidative reactions in cellular respiration, through effects on mitochondrial and microsomal electron transport, might contribute to acute selenium toxicity. Selenomethionine (a common organic selenium compound) also appears to randomly substitute for methionine in protein synthesis. This substitution may affect the structure and functionability of the protein, for example, by altering disulfide bridges. Inorganic forms of selenium appear to react with tissue thiols by redox catalysis, resulting in formation of reactive oxygen species and causing damage by oxidative stress. The main target organs of aluminum are the central nervous system and bone. Aluminum binds with dietary phosphorus and impairs gastrointestinal absorption of phosphorus. The decreased phosphate body burden results in osteomalacia (softening of the bones due to defective bone mineralization) and rickets. Aluminum's neurotoxicity is believed to involve several mechanisms. Changes in cytoskeletal protein functions as a results of altered phosphorylation, proteolysis, transport, and synthesis are believed to be one cause. Aluminum may induce neurobehavioral effects by affecting permeability of the blood-brain barrier, cholinergic activity, signal transduction pathways, lipid peroxidation, and impair neuronal glutamate nitric oxide-cyclic GMP pathway, as well as interfere with metabolism of essential trace elements because of similar coordination chemistries and consequent competitive interactions. Aluminum can also interact with estrogen receptors, increasing the expression of estrogen-related genes and contributing to the progression of breast cancer. Certain aluminum salts induce immune responses by activating inflammasomes. (L739, A235, A236, L619)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 致癌物分类

3, 其对人类致癌性无法分类。

3, not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (L135)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 健康影响

长期口服高浓度硒化合物可导致一种称为硒中毒的疾病。硒中毒的主要症状包括脱发、指甲变脆和神经系统异常（如四肢麻木和其他奇怪的感觉）。动物研究显示，硒还可能影响精子生产和女性生殖周期。铝会针对神经系统，导致神经系统性能下降，并与血脑屏障功能改变有关。体内铝的积累可能导致骨骼或脑部疾病。高水平铝与阿尔茨海默病有关。少数人对铝过敏，在接触或摄入含有铝的产品时会出现接触性皮炎、消化紊乱、呕吐或其他症状。（L739, L740, L619）

Chronic oral exposure to high concentrations of selenium compounds can produce a disease called selenosis. The major signs of selenosis are hair loss, nail brittleness, and neurological abnormalities (such as numbness and other odd sensations in the extremities). Animal studies have shown that selenium may also affect sperm production and the female reproductive cycle. Aluminum targets the nervous system and causes decreased nervous system performance and is associated with altered function of the blood-brain barrier. The accumulation of aluminum in the body may cause bone or brain diseases. High levels of aluminum have been linked to Alzheimer’s disease. A small percentage of people are allergic to aluminium and experience contact dermatitis, digestive disorders, vomiting or other symptoms upon contact or ingestion of products containing aluminium. (L739, L740, L619)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 暴露途径

口服（L619）；吸入（L619）；皮肤给药（L619）

Oral (L619) ; inhalation (L619) ; dermal (L619)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 症状

短期内口服高浓度的硒可能会导致恶心、呕吐和腹泻。短暂接触空气中的高浓度元素硒或二氧化硒可能会导致呼吸道刺激、支气管炎、呼吸困难以及胃痛。长期接触这两种空气传播形式可能会导致呼吸道刺激、支气管痉挛和咳嗽。吸入铝尘会导致咳嗽和胸部X光异常。一小部分人对铝过敏，在接触或摄入含有铝的产品时，可能会出现接触性皮炎、消化系统疾病、呕吐或其他症状。（L739, L740, L619）

Short-term oral exposure to high concentrations of selenium may cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Brief exposures to high levels of elemental selenium or selenium dioxide in air can result in respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, difficulty breathing, and stomach pains. Longer-term exposure to either of these air-borne forms can cause respiratory irritation, bronchial spasms, and coughing. Inhalating aluminum dust causes coughing and abnormal chest X-rays. A small percentage of people are allergic to aluminium and experience contact dermatitis, digestive disorders, vomiting or other symptoms upon contact or ingestion of products containing aluminium. (L739, L740, L619)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

安全信息

• TSCA：
  Yes
• 危险等级：
  6.1
• 安全说明：
  S20/21,S28,S45
• 危险类别码：
  R33,R50/53,R23/25
• 危险品运输编号：
  UN 3283
• 包装等级：
  II
• 危险类别：
  6.1

制备方法与用途

硒化铝

用途 硒化铝是一种棕色粉末，相对密度为3.437，不溶于酸。在空气中不稳定，遇湿气分解为硒化氢和氢氧化铝。制备方法是将铝与硒在真空中加热反应得到。

硒化铝主要用于制备硒化氢及进行半导体研究。

应用 硒化铝可用于制备硒化氢。硒化氢是一种可液化的有毒气体，通常储存在钢瓶中。该气体主要应用于合成含硒的无机或有机化合物、制备金属硒等。

具体制备方法如下：

1. 将硒化铝（Al2Se3）与水（H2O）反应生成硒化氢（H2Se），其中多余的水分通过冷凝去除。
2. 使用含有硒化铝颗粒的吸附器进一步干燥残留的水分，确保气体深度干燥。
3. 硒化氢气体在钢瓶内低温下液化。
4. 完成一批次充装后，在低温冷浴中轻缓抽真空，以排除溶解在液体中的不凝气体杂质。
5. 最终关闭钢瓶阀门，完成整个纯化和充装过程。

吸附剂在使用过程中会吸收水分并与水反应，并可再次用作制备硒化氢的原料。