monoaluminum phosphate

• 分子结构分类: 无机化合物 - 混合金属/非金属化合物 - 后过渡金属氧阴离子化合物
• 英文名称: monoaluminum phosphate
• 英文别名: aluminum phosphate；Aluminium Phosphate；aluminophosphate；2,4,5-Trioxa-1lambda5-phospha-3-aluminabicyclo[1.1.1]pentane 1-oxide；2,4,5-trioxa-1λ5-phospha-3-aluminabicyclo[1.1.1]pentane 1-oxide
• 化学式: AlO₄P
• 分子量: 121.953
• InChiKey: ILRRQNADMUWWFW-UHFFFAOYSA-K

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  -3.21
• 重原子数：
  6
• 可旋转键数：
  0
• 环数：
  0.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.0
• 拓扑面积：
  86.2
• 氢给体数：
  0
• 氢受体数：
  4

ADMET

代谢

铝通过口服或吸入暴露的吸收情况很差，基本上不通过皮肤吸收。铝的生物利用度受到铝化合物的影响，以及饮食成分的存在，这些成分可以与铝形成络合物，增强或抑制其吸收。铝在血液中与各种配体结合，并分布到每个器官，其中在骨骼和肺组织中的浓度最高。在生物体中，铝被认为存在四种不同形式：作为自由离子，作为低分子量络合物，作为物理结合的大分子络合物，以及作为共价结合的大分子络合物。吸收的铝主要通过尿液排出，其次是在胆汁中，而未吸收的铝则通过粪便排出。(L739)

Aluminum is poorly absorbed following either oral or inhalation exposure and is essentially not absorbed dermally. The bioavailability of aluminum is strongly influenced by the aluminum compound and the presence of dietary constituents which can complex with aluminum and enhance or inhibit its absorption. Aluminum binds to various ligands in the blood and distributes to every organ, with highest concentrations found in bone and lung tissues. In living organisms, aluminum is believed to exist in four different forms: as free ions, as low-molecular-weight complexes, as physically bound macromolecular complexes, and as covalently bound macromolecular complexes. Absorbed aluminum is excreted principally in the urine and, to a lesser extent, in the bile, while unabsorbed aluminum is excreted in the faeces. (L739)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 毒性总结

铝的主要靶器官是中枢神经系统和骨骼。铝与饮食中的磷结合，并妨碍胃肠道对磷的吸收。体内磷酸盐负担的减少导致骨软化（由于骨骼矿化缺陷导致的骨骼软化）和佝偻病。铝的神经毒性被认为涉及多种机制。细胞骨架蛋白功能的变化，如磷酸化、蛋白水解、运输和合成的改变，被认为是其中一个原因。铝可能通过影响血脑屏障的通透性、胆碱能活性、信号转导途径、脂质过氧化以及损害神经元谷氨酸一氧化氮-环磷酸鸟苷酸途径，以及由于类似的配位化学性质和随后的竞争性相互作用，干扰必需微量元素的代谢，从而诱导神经行为效应。有研究表明，铝与雌激素受体的相互作用增加了雌激素相关基因的表达，从而促进了乳腺癌的进展（A235），但研究未能建立铝与乳腺癌风险增加之间的明确联系（A15468）。某些铝盐通过激活炎症小体来诱导免疫反应。（L739, A235, A236）

The main target organs of aluminum are the central nervous system and bone. Aluminum binds with dietary phosphorus and impairs gastrointestinal absorption of phosphorus. The decreased phosphate body burden results in osteomalacia (softening of the bones due to defective bone mineralization) and rickets. Aluminum's neurotoxicity is believed to involve several mechanisms. Changes in cytoskeletal protein functions as a results of altered phosphorylation, proteolysis, transport, and synthesis are believed to be one cause. Aluminum may induce neurobehavioral effects by affecting permeability of the blood-brain barrier, cholinergic activity, signal transduction pathways, lipid peroxidation, and impair neuronal glutamate nitric oxide-cyclic GMP pathway, as well as interfere with metabolism of essential trace elements because of similar coordination chemistries and consequent competitive interactions. It has been suggested that aluminum's interaction with estrogen receptors increases the expression of estrogen-related genes and thereby contributes to the progression of breast cancer (A235), but studies have not been able to establish a clear link between aluminum and increased risk of breast cancer (A15468). Certain aluminum salts induce immune responses by activating inflammasomes. (L739, A235, A236)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 致癌物分类

未列入国际癌症研究机构(IARC)名录。国际癌症研究机构将铝生产归类为对人类致癌(第1组)，但并未将铝本身视为人类致癌物。(L135)有人提出铝制止汗剂的使用与乳腺癌风险增加之间存在关联(A235)，但研究并未能确立明确的联系(A15468)。

Not listed by IARC. IARC classified aluminum production as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1), but did not implicate aluminum itself as a human carcinogen. (L135) A link between use of aluminum-containing antiperspirants and increased risk of breast cancer has been proposed (A235), but studies have not been able to establish a clear link (A15468).

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 健康影响

铝针对神经系统，导致神经系统性能下降，并与血脑屏障功能改变有关。体内铝的积累可能导致骨骼或脑部疾病。高水平的铝与阿尔茨海默病有关。少数人对铝过敏，在接触或摄入含有铝的产品时，会经历接触性皮炎、消化紊乱、呕吐或其他症状。

Aluminum targets the nervous system and causes decreased nervous system performance and is associated with altered function of the blood-brain barrier. The accumulation of aluminum in the body may cause bone or brain diseases. High levels of aluminum have been linked to Alzheimer's disease. A small percentage of people are allergic to aluminium and experience contact dermatitis, digestive disorders, vomiting or other symptoms upon contact or ingestion of products containing aluminium. (L739, L740)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 暴露途径

口服（L739）；吸入（L739）

Oral (L739) ; inhalation (L739)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 症状

吸入铝尘会导致咳嗽和胸部X光异常。一小部分人对铝过敏，在接触或摄入含有铝的产品时，会经历接触性皮炎、消化系统紊乱、呕吐或其他症状。

Inhalating aluminum dust causes coughing and abnormal chest X-rays. A small percentage of people are allergic to aluminium and experience contact dermatitis, digestive disorders, vomiting or other symptoms upon contact or ingestion of products containing aluminium. (L739, L740)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

反应信息

• 作为反应物：
  描述：

  monoaluminum phosphate 在 KOH 作用下， 以 水 为溶剂， 生成 potassium phosphate
  参考文献：
  名称：

  Gmelin Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, Gmelin Handbook: K: MVol.5, 3.8, page 984 - 994

  摘要：

  DOI：
• 作为产物：
  描述：

  双氧水 生成 monoaluminum phosphate
  参考文献：
  名称：

  GUSKOV, V. A.;YAKUSHEVA, I. P.;MURINA, A. F.;ZHARIKOVA, EH. P.;PNEVA, E. +

  摘要：

  DOI：
• 作为试剂：
  描述：

  苯甲醛二乙缩醛 在 monoaluminum phosphate 作用下， 生成 苯甲酸乙酯 、 苄基乙基醚 、 苯甲醛
  参考文献：
  名称：

  Xavier, N.; Arulraj, S. J., Indian Journal of Chemistry - Section B Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, 1985, vol. 24, p. 519 - 522

  摘要：

  DOI：

文献信息

• Mesoporous AlPO₄: A Highly Efficient Heterogeneous Catalyst for Synthesis of 5-Substituted 1<i>H</i>-Tetrazoles from Nitriles and Sodium Azide via [3 + 2] Cycloaddition
  作者：Man Ai、Leiming Lang、Baojun Li、Zheng Xu

  DOI：10.1246/cl.2012.814

  日期：2012.8.5

  The mesoporous AlPO4 with high surface area and fine mesoporous structure was prepared by a soft template method and showed excellent catalytic performance for synthesis of 5-substituted 1H-tetrazo...

  采用软模板法制备了具有高比表面积和精细介孔结构的介孔AlPO4，在合成5-取代1H-四唑...
• Alveolar sheet of polycarbonate
  申请人：LA/ES LAMINATI ESTRUSI TERMOPLASTICI S.P.A.

  公开号：EP0283072A3

  公开（公告）日：1990-05-16

  Alveolar sheet of polycarbonate comprising a first outer wall (2) and a second outer wall (3) jointed together by equidistant perpendicular baffles (4). At least one of said two outer wall (2.3) and said perpendicular baffles (4) comprise a layer of polycarbonate to which an U.V. light neutralizing substance is added.

  聚碳酸酯齿板包括第一外壁（2）和第二外壁（3），它们通过等距垂直挡板（4）连接在一起。 所述两个外壁（2、3）和所述垂直挡板（4）中至少有一个包括一层聚碳酸酯，其中添加了一种紫外光中和物质。
• Comparative study of vapour phase glycerol dehydration over different tungstated metal phosphate acid catalysts
  作者：Srinivasarao Ginjupalli、Putrakumar Balla、Hussain Shaik、Nagaraju Nekkala、Bhanuchander Ponnala、Harishekar Mitta

  DOI：10.1039/c9nj04484a

  日期：——

  Tungstated metal phosphate (WOx/MP; M = Al, Zr and Ti) solid acid catalysts were examined for vapor phase glycerol dehydration to acrolein and hydroxyacetone. The physico-chemical characteristics of the samples were explored using X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 sorption, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS), and ex situ FT-IR investigation

  检验了钨酸金属磷酸盐（WO x / MP； M = Al，Zr和Ti）固体酸催化剂的气相甘油脱水生成丙烯醛和羟丙酮的能力。使用X射线衍射（XRD），N 2吸附，傅立叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR），紫外可见漫反射光谱（UV-DRS）和非原位FT探索了样品的理化特性-IR研究吡啶和氨的程序升温脱附（NH 3-TPD）分析，以了解催化剂的结构和酸性对改变金属成分的影响。根据WO x / MP催化剂的酸度和结构性质解释了催化活性和选择性官能度。结果表明，由于可接受的表面酸性量和在其表面上可利用的大量孔隙，WO x / TiP在甘油的催化脱水过程中是最具选择性和稳定性的催化剂。还进行了关于WO x / TiP的详细研究，以了解钨和TiP载体之间的相互作用。
• General Synthesis of Mesoporous Spheres of Metal Oxides and Phosphates
  作者：Angang Dong、Nan Ren、Yi Tang、Yajun Wang、Yahong Zhang、Weiming Hua、Zi Gao

  DOI：10.1021/ja029964b

  日期：2003.4.1

  Monodisperse and high-surface-area mesoporous inorganic spheres of various compositions including metal oxides, mixed oxides, and metal phosphates are prepared by templating mesoporous carbon spheres which are replicated from spherical mesoporous silica. Due to the rigid and thermally stable framework of carbon template, the crystalline phases of the obtained metal oxide spheres can be readily tailored

  通过对由球形介孔二氧化硅复制的介孔碳球进行模板化，制备了各种组成的单分散和高表面积介孔无机球体，包括金属氧化物、混合氧化物和金属磷酸盐。由于碳模板的刚性和热稳定骨架，获得的金属氧化物球体的结晶相可以通过控制结晶温度容易地调整。此外，由于碳模板的疏水性，在某些情况下，通过改变前体的极性，球体形态可以从实心结构变为空心结构。
• Catechol O-methylation with dimethyl carbonate over different acid–base catalysts
  作者：Rafael Luque、Juan Manuel Campelo、Tomas David Conesa、Diego Luna、Jose Maria Marinas、Antonio Angel Romero

  DOI：10.1039/b605053k

  日期：——

  A series of meso and microporous materials, previously described and characterised, were tested in the catechol O-alkylation process using methanol (MeOH) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) as alkylating reagents. In this regard, interesting results in terms of catalytic activity and selectivity to the desired monomethylated product (guaiacol) compared to the dimethylated one (veratrole) were found for the majority of the catalysts. Moreover, DMC is a better methylating agent than methanol with respect to the conversion ratio of catechol and guaiacol. The presence of n-type nucleophilic centres (oxygen from the OH groups) together with π-type ones (aromatic ring) in catechol led only to O-alkylated (guaiacol and veratrole), whereas no C-alkylated products were found under the reaction conditions. AlPO4 and, especially, AlPO4–Al2O3 systems showed the best performance in this alkylation process in comparison with silicoaluminophosphates (SAPO) and some acidic commercial zeolites (H-Y, H-β and H-ZSM-5).

  一系列先前描述和表征的中孔和微孔材料，在以甲醇（MeOH）和碳酸二甲酯（DMC）为烷基化剂的邻苯二酚O-烷基化过程中进行了测试。在这方面，大多数催化剂相对于二甲基化产物（愈创木酚），在催化活性和选择性方面表现出对期望的一甲基化产物（愈创木酚）的有趣结果。此外，与甲醇相比，DMC在邻苯二酚和愈创木酚的转化率方面是一种更好的甲基化剂。邻苯二酚中同时存在n型亲核中心（来自OH基团的氧）和π型中心（芳香环），导致仅形成O-烷基化产物（愈创木酚和veratrole），而在反应条件下未发现C-烷基化产物。相比于硅铝磷酸盐（SAPO）和一些酸性商业沸石（H-Y、H-β和H-ZSM-5），AlPO4尤其是AlPO4-Al2O3系统在此烷基化过程中表现出最佳性能。

表征谱图