Aluminum is poorly absorbed following either oral or inhalation exposure and is essentially not absorbed dermally. The bioavailability of aluminum is strongly influenced by the aluminum compound and the presence of dietary constituents which can complex with aluminum and enhance or inhibit its absorption. Aluminum binds to various ligands in the blood and distributes to every organ, with highest concentrations found in bone and lung tissues. In living organisms, aluminum is believed to exist in four different forms: as free ions, as low-molecular-weight complexes, as physically bound macromolecular complexes, and as covalently bound macromolecular complexes. Absorbed aluminum is excreted principally in the urine and, to a lesser extent, in the bile, while unabsorbed aluminum is excreted in the faeces. (L739)
The main target organs of aluminum are the central nervous system and bone. Aluminum binds with dietary phosphorus and impairs gastrointestinal absorption of phosphorus. The decreased phosphate body burden results in osteomalacia (softening of the bones due to defective bone mineralization) and rickets. Aluminum's neurotoxicity is believed to involve several mechanisms. Changes in cytoskeletal protein functions as a results of altered phosphorylation, proteolysis, transport, and synthesis are believed to be one cause. Aluminum may induce neurobehavioral effects by affecting permeability of the blood-brain barrier, cholinergic activity, signal transduction pathways, lipid peroxidation, and impair neuronal glutamate nitric oxide-cyclic GMP pathway, as well as interfere with metabolism of essential trace elements because of similar coordination chemistries and consequent competitive interactions. It has been suggested that aluminum's interaction with estrogen receptors increases the expression of estrogen-related genes and thereby contributes to the progression of breast cancer (A235), but studies have not been able to establish a clear link between aluminum and increased risk of breast cancer (A15468). Certain aluminum salts induce immune responses by activating inflammasomes. (L739, A235, A236)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌性证据
A4：无法归类为人类致癌物。/铝金属和难溶化合物/
A4: Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /Aluminum metal and insoluble compounds/
Not listed by IARC. IARC classified aluminum production as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1), but did not implicate aluminum itself as a human carcinogen. (L135) A link between use of aluminum-containing antiperspirants and increased risk of breast cancer has been proposed (A235), but studies have not been able to establish a clear link (A15468).
Aluminum targets the nervous system and causes decreased nervous system performance and is associated with altered function of the blood-brain barrier. The accumulation of aluminum in the body may cause bone or brain diseases. High levels of aluminum have been linked to Alzheimer's disease. A small percentage of people are allergic to aluminium and experience contact dermatitis, digestive disorders, vomiting or other symptoms upon contact or ingestion of products containing aluminium. (L739, L740)
Men were fed biscuits containing alum phosphate baking powder (about 8%) in addition to normal dietary items, and blood and urine samples collected two, four, six and eight hours after the meal. Aluminium was frequently found in blood of control men (trace - 0.1 mg/100 mL), and ingestion of the aluminium rich diet caused occasional slight increase of levels of aluminium in the blood. Urine of man before and after ingestion of the aluminium rich diets only contain small amounts of aluminium (<0.5 mg excreted in 26 hours).
Section 1. Chemical Product and Company Identification Sodium aluminum phosphate - basic Catalog Common Name/ Number(s). Trade Name CAS# Not available. Manufacturer RTECS Not available. SPECTRUM CHEMICAL MFG. CORP. TSCA TSCA 8(b) inventory: No products were found. Commercial Name(s) Not available. CI# Not available. Synonym Not available. IN CASE OF EMERGENCY Not available. Chemical Name Chemical Family Not available. CALL (310) 516-8000 Not available. Chemical Formula SPECTRUM CHEMICAL MFG. CORP. Section 2.Composition and Information on Ingredients Exposure Limits TWA (mg/m3) STEL (mg/m3) CEIL (mg/m3) Name CAS # % by Weight 1) Sodium aluminum phosphate - basic 100 Toxicological Data Sodium aluminum phosphate - basic on Ingredients LD50: Not available. LC50: Not available. Section 3. Hazards Identification Potential Acute Health Effects Hazardous in case of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation. Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant). Potential Chronic Health CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. Effects MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. TERATOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Not available. Repeated or prolonged exposure is not known to aggravate medical condition. Sodium aluminum phosphate - basic Section 4. First Aid Measures Eye Contact Check for and remove any contact lenses. Do not use an eye ointment. Seek medical attention. Skin Contact After contact with skin, wash immediately with plenty of water. Gently and thoroughly wash the contaminated skin with running water and non-abrasive soap. Be particularly careful to clean folds, crevices, creases and groin. Cover the irritated skin with an emollient. If irritation persists, seek medical attention. Serious Skin Contact Not available. Inhalation Allow the victim to rest in a well ventilated area. Seek immediate medical attention. Serious Inhalation Not available. Ingestion Do not induce vomiting. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. If the victim is not breathing, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Seek immediate medical attention. Serious Ingestion Not available. Section 5. Fire and Explosion Data Flammability of the Product Non-flammable. Auto-Ignition Temperature Not applicable. Not applicable. Flash Points Not applicable. Flammable Limits Products of Combustion Not available. Fire Hazards in Presence of Not applicable. Various Substances Explosion Hazards in Presence Risks of explosion of the product in presence of mechanical impact: Not available. of Various Substances Risks of explosion of the product in presence of static discharge: Not available. Fire Fighting Media Not applicable. and Instructions Not available. Special Remarks on Fire Hazards Special Remarks on Explosion Not available. Hazards Section 6. Accidental Release Measures Small Spill Use appropriate tools to put the spilled solid in a convenient waste disposal container. Finish cleaning by spreading water on the contaminated surface and dispose of according to local and regional authority requirements. Large Spill Use a shovel to put the material into a convenient waste disposal container. Finish cleaning by spreading water on the contaminated surface and allow to evacuate through the sanitary system. Sodium aluminum phosphate - basic Section 7. Handling and Storage Precautions Do not breathe dust. Avoid contact with eyes Wear suitable protective clothing In case of insufficient ventilation, wear suitable respiratory equipment If you feel unwell, seek medical attention and show the label when possible. Storage No specific storage is required. Use shelves or cabinets sturdy enough to bear the weight of the chemicals. Be sure that it is not necessary to strain to reach materials, and that shelves are not overloaded. Section 8. Exposure Controls/Personal Protection Engineering Controls Use process enclosures, local exhaust ventilation, or other engineering controls to keep airborne levels below recommended exposure limits. If user operations generate dust, fume or mist, use ventilation to keep exposure to airborne contaminants below the exposure limit. Personal Protection Splash goggles. Lab coat. Dust respirator. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Gloves. Personal Protection in Case of Splash goggles. Full suit. Dust respirator. Boots. Gloves. A self contained breathing apparatus should be used a Large Spill to avoid inhalation of the product. Suggested protective clothing might not be sufficient; consult a specialist BEFORE handling this product. Exposure Limits Not available. Section 9. Physical and Chemical Properties Physical state and appearance Solid. (Powdered solid.) Odor Odorless. Taste Not available. Molecular Weight Not available. Color White. pH (1% soln/water) Not applicable. Boiling Point Not available. Melting Point Decomposes. Critical Temperature Not available. Not available. Specific Gravity Vapor Pressure Not applicable. Vapor Density Not available. Volatility Not available. Odor Threshold Not available. Not available. Water/Oil Dist. Coeff. Ionicity (in Water) Not available. Not available. Dispersion Properties Solubility Insoluble in cold water. Section 10. Stability and Reactivity Data Stability The product is stable. Not available. Instability Temperature Conditions of Instability Not available. Incompatibility with various Not available. substances Corrosivity Non-corrosive in presence of glass. Sodium aluminum phosphate - basic Special Remarks on Not available. Reactivity Special Remarks on Not available. Corrosivity Polymerization No. Section 11. Toxicological Information Routes of Entry Eye contact. Inhalation. Ingestion. Toxicity to Animals LD50: Not available. LC50: Not available. Chronic Effects on Humans Not available. Other Toxic Effects on Hazardous in case of ingestion, of inhalation. Humans Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant). Special Remarks on Not available. Toxicity to Animals Special Remarks on Not available. Chronic Effects on Humans Special Remarks on other Nuisance dust. Toxic Effects on Humans Section 12. Ecological Information Not available. Ecotoxicity BOD5 and COD Not available. Products of Biodegradation Possibly hazardous short term degradation products are not likely. However, long term degradation products may arise. Toxicity of the Products The products of degradation are as toxic as the original product. of Biodegradation Special Remarks on the Not available. Products of Biodegradation Section 13. Disposal Considerations Waste Disposal Section 14. Transport Information DOT Classification Not a DOT controlled material (United States). Identification Not applicable. Special Provisions for Not applicable. Transport DOT (Pictograms) Sodium aluminum phosphate - basic Section 15. Other Regulatory Information and Pictograms TSCA 8(b) inventory: No products were found. Federal and State Regulations California Proposition 65 Warnings Other Regulations Not available.. WHMIS (Canada) Not controlled under WHMIS (Canada). Other Classifications DSCL (EEC) R36- Irritating to eyes. Health Hazard HMIS (U.S.A.) 2 National Fire Protection 0 Flammability 0 Association (U.S.A.) Fire Hazard 2 0 Reactivity Health Reactivity 0 Specific hazard Personal Protection E WHMIS (Canada) (Pictograms) DSCL (Europe) (Pictograms) TDG (Canada) (Pictograms) ADR (Europe) (Pictograms) Protective Equipment Gloves. Lab coat. Dust respirator. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Splash goggles.
Structural and electrochemical studies of novel Na<sub>7</sub>V<sub>3</sub>Al(P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>) and Na<sub>7</sub>V<sub>2</sub>Al<sub>2</sub>(P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>) high-voltage cathode materials for Na-ion batteries
作者：Vadim M. Kovrugin、Jean-Noël Chotard、François Fauth、Arash Jamali、Rénald David、Christian Masquelier
DOI：10.1039/c7ta03687f
日期：——
A series of Na7V4−x3+Alx(P2O7)4(PO4) (x = 0, 1, 2, and 4) materials were synthesized by flux crystal growth. Novel Na7V4−xAlx(P2O7)4(PO4) (x = 1 and 2) compositions were structurally characterized by single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction analyses using laboratory and high-resolution synchrotron X-ray sources. The investigation of the electrochemical behavior of two new mixed V/Al phases as positive
通过助熔剂晶体生长合成了一系列Na 7 V 4- x 3+ Al x（P 2 O 7）4（PO 4）（x = 0、1、2和4）材料。新型Na 7 V 4− x Al x（P 2 O 7）4（PO 4）（x= 1和2）使用实验室和高分辨率同步加速器X射线源，通过单晶和粉末X射线衍射分析对组合物进行结构表征。使用充放电恒电流测试和进行了两个新的混合的V /铝相作为正电极的在Na基电池的电化学行为的调查operando X射线衍射实验。结果表明，Na 7 V 4（P 2 O 7）4（PO 4）中的一部分钒被铝取代显着提高了这些材料的重量分析能力：从70.9 mA hg -1到113.1 mA hg -1在Na 7 V 3 Al（P 2 O 7）4（PO 4）和Na 7 V 2 A 2 l（P 2 O 7）4（PO 4）中为48.1 mA hg -1至92.7 mA hg -1，分别归功于V 4+
Rare-earth (Ce(3+)or Eu3+) or alkali-earth metal (Mn2+) doped Na3Al2(PO4)(3) phosphor powder were prepared by a combustion method. Regardless of the dopants, the Na3Al2(PO4)(3) was shown to crystallize as hexagonal (rhombohedral) NASICON phase with spheroidal micron sized particles based upon X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) data. As confirmed by thermogravimetric (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) data, the powders were stable at high temperatures up to 900 degrees C. A broad UV emission (with maximum at 328 nm) associated with the 5d -> 4f transition of Ce3+ was observed from Na3Al2(PO4)(3):Ce3+ while Mn2+ and Eu3+ doping showed stable green and red photoluminescence emission at 515 and 615 nm, respectively. For different molar concentrations of rareearth/alkali-earth metal dopants, the PL intensity was shown to increase to a certain concentration before quenching occurred at higher concentrations. The structure and optical properties of these phosphors were evaluated. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Na<sub>1.50</sub>Mn<sub>2.48</sub>Al<sub>0.85</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>, a new synthetic alluaudite-type compound
作者：Frédéric Hatert
DOI：10.1107/s0108270105037236
日期：2006.1.15
The first hydrothermal synthesis of an Al-rich alluaudite-type compound, namely disodium dimanganese aluminium tris(phosphate), which has been obtained at 1073 K and 0.1 GPa starting from the composition Na2Mn2Al(PO4)(3), is reported. The crystal structure, which has been refined in the monoclinic C2/c space group, is identical to that of natural alluaudite. The structure consists of kinked chains of edge-sharing M1 and M2 octahedra, which contain Mn2+ and Al3+ ions. The chains are stacked parallel to 101} and are connected in the b direction by the P1 and P2 tetrahedra. These interconnected chains produce channels parallel to c, which contain the large A1 and AT sites occupied by Na+ and Mn2+ ions.
