钾-40 | 13966-00-2

• 分子结构分类: 无机化合物 - 均相金属化合物 - 均相碱金属化合物
• 中文名称: 钾-40
• 英文名称: Potassium K-40
• 英文别名: potassium-40
• CAS: 13966-00-2
• 化学式: K
• 分子量: 39.9639982
• InChiKey: ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-OUBTZVSYSA-N

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  -0.38
• 重原子数：
  1
• 可旋转键数：
  0
• 环数：
  0.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.0
• 拓扑面积：
  0
• 氢给体数：
  0
• 氢受体数：
  0

ADMET

代谢

钾-40在人体内的行为方式与其他钾同位素相同。摄入后，钾几乎被完全吸收，迅速从胃肠道转移到血液中。摄入或吸入后进入血液的钾-40会迅速分布到所有器官和组织。钾-40的生物半衰期为30天，从体内排出。体内的钾含量受到严格的稳态控制（体内保留的量被积极调节，以达到系统功能所需的正常范围），并且不受环境水平变化的影响。因此，体内的钾-40含量是恒定的，成年男性大约有0.1微居里或100,000皮居里。每年这种同位素对身体的软组织提供大约18毫雷姆（mrem）的剂量，对骨骼提供14 mrem。钾阳离子在神经元功能中很重要，影响细胞与间质液之间的渗透平衡，允许肌肉收缩和通过动作电位发送所有神经冲动，并维持体内的液体和电解质平衡。（L1134, L1851）

Potassium-40 behaves in the body in the same manner as other potassium isotopes. Potassium is almost completely absorbed upon ingestion, moving quickly from the gastrointestinal tract to the bloodstream. The potassium-40 that enters the bloodstream after ingestion or inhalation is quickly distributed to all organs and tissues. Potassium-40 is eliminated from the body with a biological half-life of 30 days. The potassium content of the body is under strict homeostatic control (in which the amount retained is actively regulated by the body to achieve the normal range required for system functions), and it is not influenced by variations in environmental levels. Hence, the potassium-40 content in the body is constant, with an adult male having about 0.1 microcurie or 100,000 pCi. Each year this isotope delivers doses of about 18 millirem (mrem) to soft tissues of the body and 14 mrem to bone. Potassium cations are important in neuron function, influencing osmotic balance between cells and the interstitial fluid, allowing muscle contraction and the sending of all nerve impulses through action potentials, and maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance in the body. (L1134, L1851)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 毒性总结

钾产生的电离辐射会导致细胞损伤，包括DNA断裂、准确或不准确的修复、细胞凋亡、基因突变、染色体改变和遗传不稳定。这导致正常细胞和组织的稳态丧失，以及恶性肿瘤的发展。不直接损伤DNA的电离辐射可以产生反应性氧中间体，这些中间体直接影响p53的稳定性，p53是细胞周期调节中重要的酶，并通过DNA复制过程中的错配产生DNA单个碱基的氧化损伤和点突变。

The ionizing radiation produced by potassium causes cellular damage that includes DNA breakage, accurate or inaccurate repair, apoptosis, gene mutations, chromosomal change, and genetic instability. This leads to loss of normal cell and tissue homeostasis, and development of malignancy. Ionizing radiation that does not directly damage DNA can produce reactive oxygen intermediates that directly affect the stability of p53, an important enzyme in cell-cycle regulation, and produce oxidative damage to individual bases in DNA and point mutations by mispairing during DNA replication. (L1837)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 致癌物分类

内化的发射β粒子的放射性核素对人类是致癌的（第1组）（L2150）。钾-40经历β衰变。

Internalized radionuclides that emit β particles are carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) (L2150). Potassium-40 undergoes beta decay.

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 健康影响

钾-40对人体健康构成外部和内部危害。强烈的伽马射线使得人们对外部接触这种同位素感到担忧。一旦进入人体，钾-40会因β粒子和伽马射线对人体健康造成危害。钾-40的健康危害与由放射性衰变产生的电离辐射导致的细胞损伤有关，这种损伤通常具有诱导后续癌症的潜力。(L1134)

Potassium-40 presents external as well as internal health hazard. The strong gamma radiation makes external exposure to this isotope a concern. While in the body, potassium-40 poses a health hazard from both the beta particles and gamma rays. The health hazard of potassium-40 is associated with cell damage caused by the ionizing radiation that results from radioactive decay, with the general potential for subsequent cancer induction. (L1134)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 暴露途径

口服 (L1134) ; 吸入 (L1134)

Oral (L1134) ; inhalation (L1134)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 症状

暴露在高剂量的电离辐射下会导致急性辐射综合症，可能引起皮肤烧伤、脱发、恶心、呕吐、眩晕、定向障碍、低血压、头痛、疲劳、虚弱、发热、出生缺陷、疾病、感染甚至死亡。

Exposure to high doses of ionizing radiation results in acute radiation syndrome, which can cause skin burns, hair loss, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, disorientation, low blood pressure, headache, fatigue, weakness, fever, birth defects, illness, infection, and death. (L1837, L1852)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)