锎 | 7440-71-3

• 分子结构分类: 无机化合物 - 均相金属化合物 - 均相锕系化合物
• 中文名称: 锎
• 英文名称: californium
• CAS: 7440-71-3
• 化学式: Cf
• 分子量: 251.08
• InChiKey: HGLDOAKPQXAFKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N

物化性质

• 熔点：
  900±30° (Haire, Baybarz)
• 密度：
  15.10; d 8.74 (Katz et al., loc. cit. vol. 2, p. 1150)
• 颜色/状态：
  Alpha phase: hexagonal; beta phase: face centered cubic (metal)
• 稳定性/保质期：
  具有强放射性，熔点为900℃，沸点在1100～1200℃之间。化学性质活泼，容易挥发。水溶液中主要以 Cf³⁺ 形式存在。其中，²⁴⁹Cf 和 ²⁵²Cf 同位素较为重要。

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  0.0
• 重原子数：
  1
• 可旋转键数：
  0
• 环数：
  0.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.0
• 拓扑面积：
  0
• 氢给体数：
  0
• 氢受体数：
  0

ADMET

毒理性

• 致癌性证据

评估。在人类中，对于中子的致癌性证据不足。在实验动物中，有足够的证据表明中子具有致癌性。总体评估。中子对人类具有致癌性（第1组）。在进行总体评估时，工作组考虑了以下因素：当中子与生物材料相互作用时，裂变中子会产生质子，而在治疗中使用的高能中子会产生质子和α粒子。α粒子发射的放射性核素（例如氡）已知是人类致癌物。质子的线性能量传递与伽马辐射产生的低能电子的重叠。中子相互作用还产生伽马辐射，这也是一种人类致癌物。暴露于中子的人的淋巴细胞中会产生总染色体畸变（包括环形、双中心和游离片段）和数量染色体畸变。中子诱导的DNA损伤谱与X射线诱导的相似，但相对含有更多严重（即不易修复）的类型。已经检查过的伽马射线或X射线的每一个相关生物效应都被发现可以被中子诱导。中子在诱导肿瘤细胞转化、体外突变、体内生殖细胞突变、体内和体外染色体畸变以及实验动物癌症方面比X射线和伽马射线有效几倍。

Evaluation. There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of neutrons. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of neutrons. Overall evaluation. Neutrons are carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). In making the overall evaluation, the Working Group took into consideration the following: When interacting with biological material, fission neutrons generate protons, and the higher-energy neutrons used in therapy generate protons and alpha particles. Alpha Particle-emitting radionuclides (e.g. radon) are known to be human carcinogens. The linear energy transfer of protons overlaps with that of the lower-energy electrons produced by gamma-radiation. Neutron interactions also generate gamma-radiation, which is a human carcinogen. Gross chromosomal aberrations (including rings, dicentrics and acentric fragments) and numerical chromosomal aberrations are induced in the lymphocytes of people exposed to neutrons. The spectrum of DNA damage induced by neutrons is similar to that induced by X-radiation but contains relatively more of the serious (i.e. less readily repairable) types. Every relevant biological effect of gamma- or X-radiation that has been examined has been found to be induced by neutrons. Neutrons are several times more effective than X- and gamma-radiation in inducing neoplastic cell transformation, mutation in vitro, germ-cell mutation in vivo, chromosomal aberrations in vivo and in vitro and cancer in experimental animals.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 致癌性证据

评估。有足够的人类证据表明X射线和伽马射线的致癌性。有足够的实验动物证据表明X射线和伽马射线的致癌性。总体评估。X射线和伽马射线对人类具有致癌性（第1组）。

Evaluation. There is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of X-radiation and gamma-radiation. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of X-radiation and gamma-radiation. Overall evaluation. X-radiation and gamma-radiation are carcinogenic to humans (Group 1).

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 致癌性证据

混合α粒子发射体（镭-224、镭-226、钍-227、钍-228、钍-230、钍-232、镎-237、钚-238、钚-239（与钚-240一起）、镅-241、锔-244、锎-249和锎-252）在实验动物中具有致癌性的证据是充分的。/镭、钚、镅、锔、锎/

There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of mixed alpha-particle emitters (radium-224, radium-226, thorium-227, thorium-228, thorium-230, thorium-232, neptunium-237, plutonium-238, plutonium-239 (together with plutonium-240), americium-241, curium-244, californium-249 and californium-252). /Radium, Plutonium, Americium, Curium, Californium/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 致癌性证据

内化的发射α粒子的放射性核素对人类是致癌的（第1组）。在做出这一总体评估时，工作组考虑了以下因素：无论其来源如何，放射性核素发射的α粒子都会产生相同的二次电离模式和相同的生物分子局部损伤模式，包括DNA。在体外观察到的这些效应包括DNA双链断裂、染色体畸变、基因突变和细胞转化。所有发射α粒子的放射性核素，包括氡-222及其衰变产物，都已经在人类和实验动物中被证明能引起癌症。无论其来源如何，放射性核素发射的α粒子已被证明能在体内的人类循环淋巴细胞中引起染色体畸变和基因突变。人类和实验动物的研究证据表明，不同放射性核素衰变期间发射的α粒子对相同组织——例如肺细胞或骨表面——产生的相似剂量会产生相同类型的非肿瘤效应和癌症。/镅、钚和所有其他α发射体/

Internalized radionuclides that emit alpha-particles are carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). In making this overall evaluation, the Working Group took into consideration the following: Alpha-particles emitted by radionuclides, irrespective of their source, produce the same pattern of secondary ionizations and the same pattern of localized damage to biological molecules, including DNA. These effects, observed in vitro, include DNA doublestrand breaks, chromosomal aberrations, gene mutations and cell transformation. All radionuclides that emit alpha-particles and that have been adequately studied, including radon-222 and its decay products, have been shown to cause cancer in humans and in experimental animals. Alpha-particles emitted by radionuclides, irrespective of their source, have been shown to cause chromosomal aberrations in circulating lymphocytes and gene mutations in humans in vivo. The evidence from studies in humans and experimental animals suggests that similar doses to the same tissues - for example lung cells or bone surfaces - from alpha- particles emitted during the decay of different radionuclides produce the same types of non-neoplastic effects and cancers. /Americium, Plutonium, and all other alpha-emitters/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 相互作用

五周大的雄性B6C3F1小鼠被喂食添加了核苷和核苷酸（NS）的AIN-76B纯化饮食，为期1周，并在中子照射前后的13个月里继续喂食；具体来说，NS被添加到不含核苷酸的AIN-76B纯化饮食中，以获得最终浓度为0%，0.5%或2.5%的NS。小鼠也被给予了商业库存饮食，其中一半的小鼠接受了照射。照射过和未照射过的小鼠都被用作参考对照组。...每个NS组的肝脏肿瘤发生率低于参考对照组（P < 0.01），但0%，0.5%和2.5% NS组之间没有差异。相比之下，0% NS组小鼠的非肿瘤性病变发生率显著高于参考对照组（P < 0.05）。当不含核苷酸的饮食中补充了0.5%或2.5% NS时，这种较高的非肿瘤性病变发生率显著降低（分别为P < 0.01和P < 0.05）。在观察到的非肿瘤性病变中，当不含核苷酸的饮食中补充了0.5% NS时，淀粉样变的发生率显著降低（P < 0.05）。.../钫-252和核苷酸补充剂/

Five-week-old male B6C3F1 mice were fed AIN-76B Purified Diet supplemented with nucleosides and nucleotides (NS) for 1 wk and 13 mo before and after irradiation of neutron with californium-252 (252-Cf); specifically NS was added to the AIN-76B Purified Diet (without nucleotide) to obtain a final concentration of 0%, 0.5%, or 2.5% NS. A commercial stock diet was also given to mice, and half of the mice were irradiated. Both irradiated and non-irradiated mice were used for reference controls. ... The incidence of liver tumors in each NS group was lower than that in the reference control group (P < 0.01), but there were no differences between the 0%, 0.5%, and 2.5% NS groups. In contrast, the incidence rate of mice with non-neoplastic lesions in the 0% NS group was significantly higher than the reference control group (P < 0.05). This higher incidence of mice with non-neoplastic lesions was significantly decreased upon supplementation of the nucleotide-free diet with 0.5% or 2.5% NS (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). Of the non-neoplastic lesions observed, the incidence of amyloidosis was decreased significantly upon supplementation of the nucleotide-free diet with 0.5% NS (P < 0.05). ... /Californium-252 and nucleotide supplements/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

钚的代谢在11只比格犬体内进行了研究，这些犬只在静脉注射钚-249或钚-252的柠檬酸络合物后0-160天内被研究。在注射后的前21天进行了总排泄物的收集，并通过测量钚-249的333和388千电子伏特伽马射线或钚-252的裂变伽马射线来分析样品中的钚含量。研究发现，在这一时期内钚的主要排泄途径是尿液。... 通过全身计数和部分身体计数相结合的方法，连续测定了全身保留的钚以及保留在肝脏和非肝脏组织之间的钚的分布。这些测量表明，注射后1周，大约20%的注射钚沉积在肝脏中，大约60%留在非肝脏组织（主要是骨骼）。两只犬在注射后7天和21天被处死，钚-249在骨骼中的相对骨内分布与作为柠檬酸络合物注射的镅-241和钚-238相似。/249,252Cf(III)citrate/

The metabolism of californium was studied in 11 beagles 0-160 days after intravenous injection of californium-249 or californium-252 as Cf (III) citrate. Total excreta collections were made for the first 21 days after injection, and the samples were analyzed for their californium content by gamma-ray counting of the 333 and 388 keV gamma-rays of californium-249 or the fission gamma-rays of californium-252. It was found that the excretion of californium during this period was mainly in the urine. ... A combination of total-body and partial-body counting was used to determine serially the total-body retention and partitioning of retained californium between liver and non-liver tissue. These measurements indicated that 1 week following injection, about 20% of the injected californium was deposited in the liver and that about 60% remained in non-liver tissue (mainly skeleton). The relative bone-to-bone distribution of californium-249 in the skeletons of 2 dogs sacrificed 7 and 21 days after injection was similar to that of americium-241 and plutonium-238Pu injected as citrates. /249,252Cf(III)citrate/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

在比格犬单次静脉注射柠檬酸溶液后一至三周内，钚-249和锫-249在软组织中的微观分布模式与钚-241>镅非常相似。相对高浓度的放射性核素出现在肝脏的肝细胞、肾脏的肾小球、甲状腺的间滤泡区、肺的软骨组织以及大多数器官的小动脉中层。在肾乳头和细支气管的粘膜下也发现了非常强烈但稀疏分布的热点。较轻的定位点是房室心脏瓣膜的内皮、外套较大毛发的玻璃状膜、格拉夫卵泡的透明带和肾上腺皮质的弧形带。除了主要存在于肝细胞内的肝脏外，大多数沉积部位是细胞外的，位于或与呈阳性周期性酸-希夫反应的结缔组织中。/钚-249和锫-249柠檬酸盐/

The microscopic distribution pattern of californium-249 and berkelinium-249 in the soft tissues of beagles, one to three weeks following a single intravenous injection of a citrate solution, was found to be very similar to that of plutonium-241 > americium. Relatively high concentrations occurred in the hepatic cells of the liver, the glomeruli of the kidney, the interfollicular region of the thyroid, the cartilaginous tissues of the lung, and the media of the smaller arterioles of most organs. Very intense, but sparsely scattered "hot spots" were also present in the renal papillae and in the submucosa of the bronchioles. Lesser sites of localization were the endocardium of the AV heart valves, the glassy membranes of the larger hairs of the coat, the zona pellucida of the Graafian follicles and the zona arcuata of the adrenal cortex. With the exception of the liver, where the radionuclide was principally within the hepatic cells, most of the deposition sites were extracellular, within or associated with connective tissue which gave a positive periodic acid-Schiff reaction. /Californium-249 and berkelinium-249 citrates/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

比格犬被注射了铒-249或铒-252的柠檬酸盐缓冲液。在注射后5分钟到48小时内，测量了血浆和全血中核素的浓度。发现少量铒与细胞元素相关联。注射后的最初几小时内，血浆中铒的浓度迅速下降。注射后24小时，循环中的铒量不到注射剂量的1%。铒-249和铒-252从循环中消失的速度相同。通过凝胶过滤分离血浆成分，表明血浆中的铒与分子量约为70,000的化合物相关联。通过离子交换色谱法获得的额外信息表明这种蛋白质是转铁蛋白。从犬类体内获得的数据通过体外实验用人血进行了扩展。体外用人血浆蛋白与铒孵育的凝胶色谱表明形成了铒蛋白复合物，并且与在狗身上看到的情况几乎相同。将这些组分在DEAE-Sephadex上重新色谱分析表明，转铁蛋白和铒并不完全重合。因此，铒-转铁蛋白要么比铁-转铁蛋白或apo-转铁蛋白更牢固地被离子交换树脂吸附，要么是由于存在另一个尚未确定的微量蛋白成分而引起的位移。形成的蛋白复合物的稳定性低于钚-转铁蛋白复合物的稳定性，这种降低的稳定性是它从血液中快速消失的原因。/铒-249和铒-252柠檬酸盐/

Beagles were injected with californium-249 or californium-252 in citrate buffer. The concentration of nuclide in plasma and whole blood was measured from 5 min to 48 hr post injection. Small amounts of californium were found associated with the cellular elements. The concentration of californium in plasma decreased rapidly during the first few hours after injection. At 24 hr post injection less than 1 % of the injected dose was circulating. Californium-249 and -252 disappeared from the circulation at the same rate. Separation of plasma constituents by gel filtration demonstrated that californium in plasma was associated with compounds with a molecular weight of approximately 70,000. Additional information obtained by ion exchange chromatography indicated that this protein was transferrin. Data obtained in vivo from canines were extended by in vitro experiments with human blood. Gel chromatography of human plasma protein incubated in vitro with californium indicated that a californium protein complex was formed and appeared to be nearly identical to that seen in dogs. Re-chromatography of these fractions on DEAE-Sephadex showed that transferrin and californium did not coincide exactly. Thus californium-transferrin is either held more tenaciously by the ion exchange resin than iron-transferrin or apo-transferrin, or the shift was caused by the presence of another as yet un-identified minor protein component. The stability of the protein complex(s) formed is less than that of the plutonium-transferrin complex and this decreased stability is responsible for the high rate of its disappearance from the bloodstream. /Californium-249 and californium-252 citrates/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

将成年比格犬单次静脉注射单体的锎-252、锎-249、镅-24、钚-239、钍-228、镭-226、镭-228或锶-90的柠檬酸盐溶液，以实现组织中可重复的沉积模式。注入的的超铀原子会附着在血液血浆中的转铁蛋白和其他物质上。骨骼和肝脏是主要的沉积部位，尽管锎、锫和镅在甲状腺和肾脏中也出现高局部浓度，而镭也会在眼睛中浓缩。单体超铀元素在骨骼的最初沉积是在骨骼表面上。当钚-239位于骨骼表面时，与相同数量的钚-239随机分布在骨矿物质中相比，比格犬矿化骨骼表面0-10微米处的软组织层的平均局部剂量率大约高20倍。因此，骨骼表面重塑的速度对超铀元素的骨骼毒性有非常重要的影响。单体超铀元素在肝脏的最初沉积相对均匀，主要在肝细胞中。随后，大部分放射性转移到衬在肝窦状隙的肝脏网状内皮细胞中。注射后长时间，分布非常不均匀，门脉区域的放射性最高，而在再生结节中的放射性最低... /锎-252、锎-249、镅-24、钚-239、钍-228、镭-226、镭-228或锶-90柠檬酸盐/

Young adult beagles are given single intravenous injections of monomeric californium-252, californium-249, americium-24, plutonium-239, thorium-228, radium-226, radium-228 or strontium-90 in citrate solution to achieve reproducible deposition patterns in tissue. Injected transuranium atoms become attached to transferrin and other substances in blood plasma. The skeleton and liver are the primary sites of deposition, although high local concentrations of californium, berkelium and americium also occur in the thyroid and kidney, and radium also concentrates in the eye. The initial skeletal deposition of monomeric transuranium elements is on bone surfaces. The mean local dose-rate to the soft-tissue layer 0-10 mi from the mineralized bone surfaces of the beagle is about 20 times higher when 239-Pu is on bone surfaces than for an equal amount of 239-Pu randomly distributed throughout the bone mineral. Thus, the rate of bone-surface remodeling has a very important influence on the skeletal toxicity of the transuranium elements. The initial liver deposition of monomeric transuranium elements is rather uniform and mainly in the hepatic cells. Subsequently, much of the radioactivity shifts into the liver reticulo-endothelial cells that line the sinusoids. At long times after injection, the distribution is very non-uniform, being highest in the portal region and lowest in the regenerative nodules... /Californium-252, californium-249, americium-24, plutonium-239, thorium-228, radium-226, radium-228 or strontium-90 citrates/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

放射性原子，包括锕系和镧系元素的放射性同位素以及其他易于水解的金属放射性同位素，可能会倾向于在溶酶体内聚集和浓缩。这会在细胞内水平上造成放射性的非均匀分布，从理论上讲，这可能导致在衰变原子附近发生更强烈的辐射引起的改变。/镧系和锕系元素/

Radioactive atoms of radionuclides of the actinide and lanthanide series and other easily hydrolyzable metallic radionuclides ... may tend to aggregate and concentrate within lysosomes. This creates a non-uniform distribution of the radioactivity at the intracellular level, which could in principle lead to more intense radiation-induced changes in the immediate vicinity of the decaying atom. /Lanthanides and actinides/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

制备方法与用途

合成制备方法由于锎金属的蒸气压较高，难以通过氟化锂的还原方法来制备。但在少量（少于10微克）的情况下，可以通过还原三氟化锎的方法得到。

制备较多量的锎金属（超过2毫克），优选的方法是使用镧金属还原锎的氧化物。具体操作方法可参考金属锫的制备方法1。

反应信息

• 作为反应物：
  描述：

  叠氮阴离子 、 锎 以 水 为溶剂， 生成
  参考文献：
  名称：

  Azide complexes of LnIII and AnIII

  摘要：

  DOI：

  10.1016/0022-5088(89)90491-8
• 作为产物：
  描述：

  californium trifluoride 在 Li 作用下， 以 neat (no solvent) 为溶剂， 生成 锎
  参考文献：
  名称：

  Gmelin Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, Gmelin Handbook: Np: TrU.B1, 1.6, page 76 - 82

  摘要：

  DOI：

文献信息

• Pressure-Induced Spectroscopic Changes in a Californium 1D Material Are Twice as Large as Found in the Holmium Analog
  作者：Joseph M. Sperling、Evan Warzecha、Cory J. Windorff、Bonnie E. Klamm、Alyssa N. Gaiser、Megan A. Whitefoot、Frankie D. White、Todd N. Poe、Thomas E. Albrecht-Schönzart

  DOI：10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01290

  日期：2020.8.3

  In this study, the synthesis, characterization, and pressure response of a 1D californium mellitate (mellitate = 1,2,3,4,5,6-benzenehexacarboxylate) coordination polymer, Cf2(mell)(H2O)10·4H2O (Cf-1), are reported. The Cf–O lengths within the crystal structure are compared to its gadolinium (Gd-1) and holmium (Ho-1) analogs as well. These data show that the average Cf–O bond distance is slightly longer

  在这项研究中，一维硼酸（合物（mel合物= 1,2,3,4,5,6-苯六甲酸酯）配位聚合物Cf 2（mell）（H 2 O）10 ·4H的合成，表征和压力响应据报道2 O（Cf-1）。将晶体结构中的Cf–O长度与其g（Gd-1）和（Ho-1）类似物进行比较。这些数据表明，平均Cf–O键距离比平均Gd–O键长，这与有效离子半径的趋势一致。使用金刚石砧技术收集Cf-1和Ho-1的UV-vis-NIR吸收光谱随压力的变化。这些实验表明，与f类似物相比，Cf（III）f→f跃迁对压力的依赖性更大。在前一种情况下，位移与施加的压力几乎成线性关系，平均为6.6 cm –1 / GPa，而在后一种情况下，其<3 cm –1 / GPa。
• Local Structure in Americium and Californium Hexacyanoferrates – Comparison with Their Lanthanide Analogues
  作者：Gaelle Dupouy、Isabelle Bonhoure、Steven D. Conradson、Thomas Dumas、Christoph Hennig、Claire Le Naour、Philippe Moisy、Sébastien Petit、Andreas C. Scheinost、Eric Simoni、Christophe Den Auwer

  DOI：10.1002/ejic.201001004

  日期：2011.4

  three-dimensional model for these two new compounds. Structural data in terms of bond lengths were compared to those reported for the parent lanthanide(III) compounds, neodymium and gadolinium hexacyanoferrates, respectively: the americium compound with KNdIIIFeII(CN)6·4H2O and the californium compound with KGdIIIFeII(CN)6·3.5H2O and KGdIIIFeII(CN)6·3H2O. This comparison between actinide and lanthanide

  金属六氰基铁酸盐是众所周知的多种阳离子的分子固体，尽管很少描述锕系加合物。用阳离子镅和锎合成了锕系 (III) 六氰基铁酸盐的两个新成员。它们的结构特征是通过红外和 X 射线吸收光谱。铁 K 边缘和锕系元素 L3 边缘的组合 EXAFS 数据为这两种新化合物的三维模型提供了证据。将键长方面的结构数据与所报道的母体镧系元素 (III) 化合物、钕和钆六氰基铁酸盐的结构数据分别进行比较：具有 KNdIIIFeII(CN)6·4H2O 的镅化合物和具有 KGdIIIFeII(CN)6·的镅化合物3.5H2O 和 KGdIIIFeII(CN)6·3H2O。锕系元素和镧系元素同系物之间的这种比较是基于离子半径的考虑进行的。镅和钕的环境看起来非常相似，排列在配位数为 9（CN：9）的三棱柱多面体中，其中镅原子与六个氮原子和三个水分子键合。对于锎加合物，类似的比较以及从 EXAFS 研究得出的键长和角度
• Die chelatbildung und extraktion des dreiwertigen actiniums, americiums, curiums und californiums mit acetylaceton und einigen seiner derivate
  作者：C. Keller、H. Schreck

  DOI：10.1016/0022-1902(69)80161-2

  日期：1969.4

  of Am(TTA)3 and Am(BTA)3 in methylisobutylketone (A) is explained by the formation of the adduct-chelates MeL3· A and MeL3· 2A. The acetylacetone, benzoyl- and thenoyltrifluoracetone chelates of americium were prepared by precipitation reactions. They decompose directly to AmO2 by heating in air.

  已发现带有取代的1.3-二酮R COCH 2 CO R '和CHCl 3作为有机相的Ac 3+，Am 3+，Cm 3+和Cf 3+被提取为1：3-仅螯合物，如果R＝ CF 3，并且R '是芳族基团（呋喃基，噻吩基，苯基或萘基）。螯合物的分配系数是依赖于1.3二酮和增加-连同稳定常数β 3 -in序列AC 3+ -Am 3+ -cm 3+ -Cf 3+。β-异丙基羟甲基吡啶螯合物比相应的act系元素的乙酰丙酮酸酯稳定得多。甲基异丁酮（A）中Am（TTA）3和Am（BTA）3的增强萃取可通过形成加合物-螯合物MeL 3 ·A和MeL 3 ·2A来解释。通过沉淀反应制备了的乙酰丙酮，苯甲酰基-和壬基三氟丙酮螯合物。它们通过在空气中加热直接分解为AmO 2。
• Crystal structure and melting point of californium metal
  作者：R.G. Haire、R.D. Baybarz

  DOI：10.1016/0022-1902(74)80067-9

  日期：1974.6

  Thin films of californium metal were prepared by reducing Cf2O3 with lanthanum metal and condensing the volatile metal on electron microscopy grids. The metal deposits were then analyzed by electron diffraction. A fcc structure () and a hexagonal close-packed structure ( and ) were observed in the initial californium deposits. The fcc structure changed to the hcp structure after the fcc deposits were

  通过用镧金属还原Cf 2 O 3并在电子显微镜栅格上冷凝挥发性金属来制备of金属薄膜。然后通过电子衍射分析金属沉积物。在最初的沉积物中观察到了fcc结构（）和六方密堆积结构（和）。将fcc沉积物在真空中加热后，fcc结构变为hcp结构。通过观察在电子显微镜中加热的金属沉积物，将金属的熔点确定为900±30℃。由晶格参数计算出的原子半径表明在金属态是二价的。
• Gmelin Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, Gmelin Handbook: Np: TrU.C, 18, page 257 - 270
  作者：

  DOI：——

  日期：——