镅-241 | 14596-10-2

• 分子结构分类: 无机化合物 - 均相金属化合物 - 均相锕系化合物
• 中文名称: 镅-241
• 英文名称: Americium-241
• CAS: 14596-10-2
• 化学式: Am
• 分子量: 241.05683
• InChiKey: LXQXZNRPTYVCNG-YPZZEJLDSA-N

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  0.0
• 重原子数：
  1
• 可旋转键数：
  0
• 环数：
  0.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.0
• 拓扑面积：
  0
• 氢给体数：
  0
• 氢受体数：
  0

ADMET

代谢

镅可以通过摄入、吸入和皮肤接触被吸收。在体内，它主要分布到肝脏，以及骨骼和骨骼肌。镅的代谢涉及与蛋白质的结合相互作用，并可能形成与各种无机阴离子，如碳酸根和磷酸根，以及羧酸，如柠檬酸盐和乳酸盐的复合物。镅通过粪便和尿液排出。

Americium can be absorbed following ingestion, inhalation, and dermal exposure. In the body it distributes primarily to the liver, as well as to the bone and skeletal muscle. The metabolism of americium involves binding interactions with proteins and probably complex formation with various inorganic anions, such as carbonate and phosphate, and carboxylic acids, such as citrate and lactate. Americium is excreted in faeces and urine. (L1843)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 毒性总结

镅毒性主要来自于放射性衰变过程中释放的α粒子所造成的损害。这种α粒子在组织中的穿透性非常有限，因此，细胞损伤仅发生在被困住的镅附近的区域。镅产生的电离辐射会导致细胞损伤，包括DNA断裂、精确或不精确的修复、细胞凋亡、基因突变、染色体改变和遗传不稳定。这会导致正常细胞和组织的稳态丧失，并发展成恶性肿瘤。那些不直接损伤DNA的电离辐射可以产生反应性氧中间体，这些中间体直接影响p53的稳定性，p53是细胞周期调节中一个重要的酶，并通过DNA复制期间的错配导致DNA单个碱基的氧化损伤和点突变。

Americium toxicity results primarily from the damage done by the alpha particle emitted during radioactive decay. This alpha particle has very limited penetration in tissue, and hence, the cellular damage occurs only in the immediate vicinity of the sequestered americium. The ionizing radiation produced by americium causes cellular damage that includes DNA breakage, accurate or inaccurate repair, apoptosis, gene mutations, chromosomal change, and genetic instability. This leads to loss of normal cell and tissue homeostasis, and development of malignancy. Ionizing radiation that does not directly damage DNA can produce reactive oxygen intermediates that directly affect the stability of p53, an important enzyme in cell-cycle regulation, and produce oxidative damage to individual bases in DNA and point mutations by mispairing during DNA replication. (L1837)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 致癌物分类

1, 对人类致癌。

1, carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 健康影响

镅的放射性可导致癌症，特别是骨癌，因为它会在骨骼中累积。大量接触镅也可能损害肺部、肝脏和甲状腺。

Americium's radioactivity can cause cancer, especially of the bone, where it is known to accumulate. Exposure to large amount of americium may also damage the lungs, liver, and thyroid. (L1843)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 暴露途径

口服（L1843）；吸入（L1843）

Oral (L1843) ;Inhalation (L1843)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 症状

暴露在高剂量的电离辐射下会导致急性辐射综合症，可能引起皮肤烧伤、脱发、恶心、呕吐、眩晕、定向障碍、低血压、头痛、疲劳、虚弱、发热、出生缺陷、疾病、感染甚至死亡。

Exposure to high doses of ionizing radiation results in acute radiation syndrome, which can cause skin burns, hair loss, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, disorientation, low blood pressure, headache, fatigue, weakness, fever, birth defects, illness, infection, and death. (L1837, L1852)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

安全信息

• 危险等级：
  7
• 危险类别：
  7