Aluminum phosphide is a dark gray or dry, yellow, crystalline solid. It reacts with moisture to give phosphine, a flammable and poisonous gas. Normally, phosphine will spontaneously ignite upon contact with air. If there is an excess of water, the phosphine fire will not normally ignite any surrounding combustible material.
颜色/状态：
Dark gray or dark yellow crystals. Cubic zinc blende structure.
Aluminum is poorly absorbed following either oral or inhalation exposure and is essentially not absorbed dermally. The bioavailability of aluminum is strongly influenced by the aluminum compound and the presence of dietary constituents which can complex with aluminum and enhance or inhibit its absorption. Aluminum binds to various ligands in the blood and distributes to every organ, with highest concentrations found in bone and lung tissues. In living organisms, aluminum is believed to exist in four different forms: as free ions, as low-molecular-weight complexes, as physically bound macromolecular complexes, and as covalently bound macromolecular complexes. Absorbed aluminum is excreted principally in the urine and, to a lesser extent, in the bile, while unabsorbed aluminum is excreted in the faeces. Phosphine and metal phosphides may be absorbed following ingestion or inhalation, then distribute to the nervous system, liver, and kidney. In the body, metal phosphides are hydrolysed to phosphine, and phosphine is oxidized to hypophosphite and phosphite. Metabolites are excreted in the urine, while unchanged phosphine is exhaled. (L982, L739)
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Aluminum phosphide forms green or yellow cubic crystals with a garlic odor. It is used as fumigant, rodenticide, and insecticide for stored cereal grains; fumigant for control of burrowing rodents. HUMAN STUDIES: 195 patients with aluminum phosphide ingestion were admitted to hospital. Of 195 patients, 115 died. The nonsurvivors had more severe hypotension and metabolic acidosis than the survivors who had more severe vomiting. Autopsies conducted in 115 subjects revealed congestion of liver, spleen, kidneys, adrenals, gastrointestinal tract and brain that correlated with the severity of hypotension. Aluminum phosphide when ingested is highly toxic with fatal dose as low as 1.5 g. The dominant clinical feature is severe hypotension refractory to dopamine. There was a significantly greater rise in serum magnesium in patients with severe toxicity compared to patients with mild to moderate toxicity. Aluminum phosphide induced genotoxic effects such as sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and chromosome aberration (CA) in cultured human blood cells in the presence of a metabolic activator. ANIMAL STUDIES: Aluminum phosphide, a widely used fumigant and rodenticide leads to high mortality if ingested. Its toxicity is due to phosphine liberated when it comes in contact with moisture. Toxicity in rats appears to result as a consequence of both-energy insufficiency and oxidative stress, with a possible and preferential interaction with the tissue cytochromes. In rats, the deleterious effect of aluminum phosphide on heart is mediated by both declined cellular metabolism of the myocardium as well as by necrosis of the cardiac tissue resulting in the release of reactive oxygen intermediates. In a two-year rat feeding study no evidence of carcinogenicity was seen. Aluminum phosphide induced genetic and oxidative damages in rats. Chromosomal aberrations (CAs) and micronucleus (MN) assay were used for monitoring genotoxic damage. Aluminium phosphide caused increase in CA and MN assay rates. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: One use pattern of aluminum and magnesium phosphide, as a burrow fumigant, poses a risk to threatened and endangered species of mammals and reptiles. The risks posed to these species occur if they are found in a burrow that is fumigated. Because of the high degree of toxicity of phosphine gas, all animals in a treated burrow will be killed. In 1981, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service determined that use of aluminum and magnesium phosphide as a burrow fumigant may jeopardize the black-footed ferret, the Utah prairie dog, the San Joaquin kit fox, the blunt-nosed leopard lizard, the eastern indigo snake, and the desert tortoise.
The main target organs of aluminum are the central nervous system and bone. Aluminum binds with dietary phosphorus and impairs gastrointestinal absorption of phosphorus. The decreased phosphate body burden results in osteomalacia (softening of the bones due to defective bone mineralization) and rickets. Aluminum's neurotoxicity is believed to involve several mechanisms. Changes in cytoskeletal protein functions as a results of altered phosphorylation, proteolysis, transport, and synthesis are believed to be one cause. Aluminum may induce neurobehavioral effects by affecting permeability of the blood-brain barrier, cholinergic activity, signal transduction pathways, lipid peroxidation, and impair neuronal glutamate nitric oxide-cyclic GMP pathway, as well as interfere with metabolism of essential trace elements because of similar coordination chemistries and consequent competitive interactions. It has been suggested that aluminum's interaction with estrogen receptors increases the expression of estrogen-related genes and thereby contributes to the progression of breast cancer (A235), but studies have not been able to establish a clear link between aluminum and increased risk of breast cancer (A15468). Certain aluminum salts induce immune responses by activating inflammasomes. Phosphine inhibits cytochrome c oxidase, preventing mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. This non-competitive inhibition prevents cellular respiration and leads to multi-organ dysfunction. Phosphine can also react with hydrogen peroxide to form the highly reactive hydroxyl radical, which can cause lipid peroxidation. (A291, A292, L739, A235, A236)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌性证据
A4；不可归类为人类致癌物。/铝金属和难溶化合物/
A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /Aluminum metal and insoluble compounds/
Not listed by IARC. IARC classified aluminum production as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1), but did not implicate aluminum itself as a human carcinogen. (L135) A link between use of aluminum-containing antiperspirants and increased risk of breast cancer has been proposed (A235), but studies have not been able to establish a clear link (A15468).
Aluminum targets the nervous system and causes decreased nervous system performance and is associated with altered function of the blood-brain barrier. The accumulation of aluminum in the body may cause bone or brain diseases. High levels of aluminum have been linked to Alzheimer's disease. A small percentage of people are allergic to aluminium and experience contact dermatitis, digestive disorders, vomiting or other symptoms upon contact or ingestion of products containing aluminium. Inhalation of phosphine may cause severe pulmonary irritation leading to acute pulmonary oedema, cardiovascular dysfunction, CNS excitation, coma and death. Gastrointestinal disorders, renal damage and leukopenia may also occur. Chronic exposure to phosphine can result in anemia, bronchitis, gastrointestinal effects, and visual, speech and motor problems. (L980, L982, L739, L740)
Experimentally, its hydrolysis product has consistently produced severe systemic intoxications as a consequence of phosphine formation subsequent to hydrolysis to phosphine in gastric acid an/or respiratory moisture.
